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Part 4 — More Types of Beams You Are Likely to Encounter
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secret nailing Archives | Bamboo Flooring Blog | Secret Nailing Tongue And Groove FlooringWelcome aback to the "Behold the Beam" alternation of articles. In allotment three (Firehouse®, September 2010) of the series, we discussed the aboriginal bristles of the 13 accepted types of beams that firefighters can apprehend to encounter:
1. Solid sawn copse and four structural blended barge (SCL) beams:
2. Glue laminated
3. Laminated fiber barge (LSL)
4. Parallel fiber barge (PSL)
5.Laminated actualization barge (LVL)
This time, we'll accomplishment with the final eight accepted axle types:
6. Copse I-joist
7. Built-up
8. Flitch
9. Box
10. Wide-flange steel
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2017 Fish House Build - Page 2 - Ice Fishing - HSO - Ice Fishing ... | Secret Nailing Tongue And Groove Flooring11. LiteSteelbeam (LSB)
12. Pre-cast concrete
13. Faux (fake)
6. Copse I-Joist
A copse I-joist is an absorbing allotment of engineering. Most of the actual you see — the vertical web — is fabricated with plywood, LVL or aggressive fiber lath (OSB) and appropriately cannot be acclimated apart as a beam. Plywood and OSB are not acclimated in the architecture bureaucracy as load-bearing structural associates (review folio 100 in the April 2009 affair of Firehouse®); plywood and OSB are never acclimated as a column, girder, purlin or joist. Plywood and OSB are classified as "wood structural panels"; plywood and OSB are acclimated apart as bank capsule and accessory for floors and roofs. However, accumulated with a structural blended barge (SCL) top border and basal flange, a able and abiding axle is produced. Non-structural engineered copse can be acclimated for the web of a load-bearing axle because the vertical web serves aloof one purpose: the web keeps the top border afar from the basal flange; as continued as the web can accumulate the flanges separated, the I-joist will do its job.
Wood I-joists are a structural engineered copse artefact generally acclimated as attic joists and occasionally as rafters. I-joists are fabricated by gluing sawn or laminated actualization barge (LVL) flanges to the top and basal of a plywood or OSB web. Engineered copse I-joists are alert as able as a accepted solid sawn copse axle and are abundant easier to handle at the jobsite.
Although featherweight, copse I-joists display arresting backbone and acerbity constant forth the absolute breadth of the beam. I say agile because of the strength-to-mass arrangement of a archetypal engineered I-joist. Consider this: an I-joist 26 anxiety continued and 9½ inches abysmal weighs about 55 pounds (depending on the admeasurement of the flanges). That is not aloof "lightweight"; copse I-joists are absolutely featherweight. For developers, copse I-joists action a bargain another to accessible web copse trusses or animate (bar) joists.
I-joists can be bogus with web "knockouts" that acquiesce active utilities through the axle rather than beneath or about the joist. Knockout holes additionally accommodate blast back the joists are acclimated in cathedral-type ceilings. Remember: As mentioned, the primary purpose of an I-beam web (stem) is to accumulate the flanges separated. Even afterwards knockouts, penetrations for accouterments and automated ductwork can be accomplished through the web; however, so that structural candor is not compromised, all penetrations charge be amid and sized according to architect recommendations.
Although you can admission with the web, do not blend with flanges. Copse I-joist flanges should never be alveolate or accomplished and all appropriate cuts, such as address cuts, charge additionally accept by architect recommendations.
Several altered copse I-joists are accessible and affection a array of designs and materials. The analytical allotment of any copse I-joist is the collective that connects anniversary border to the web. This analytical collective is generally patented by the manufacturer. Forth with LVL and visually graded sawn lumber, flanges are generally fabricated of apparatus stress-rated (MSR) lumber. This is ambit barge that has been evaluated application automated non-destructive stress-rating equipment. Automated stress-rating accessories measures actual acerbity and sorts the barge into backbone classes.
The best breadth of a copse I-joist is bound to about 66 feet; such long-length I-joists affection LVL flanges that are finger-jointed. (Although I haven't apparent one, I accept been told that an I-joist can ability 80 feet.) The I-joist webs are spliced application butt-jointing, tongue-and-groove or "scarf" configurations. As with SCL, copse I-joists action bargain asleep load, beneath beams (due to added spacing), dimensional adherence and a "quiet floor."
It is no blaze account abstruse that caught copse I-joists will abort aboriginal back apparent to fire. As with all structural components, it is capital that blaze admiral complete a adept artisan size-up afore absolution firefighters admission a architecture offensively. I am afraid that firefighters abide to be afflicted afterwards falling through floors into basements with blaze "hidden" beneath their feet. For added copse I-joist information, cross your browser to the afterward websites:
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What is Tongue and Groove Bamboo Flooring? | Bamboo Floorin | Secret Nailing Tongue And Groove Flooring• http://www.woodaware.info/PDFs/I-Joists_FirefighterSafety_0509.pdf (nice PowerPoint presentation)
• http://www.ul.com/global/documents/corporate/aboutul/publications/newsletters/fire/fsa_issue_3_2009.pdf (great information)
• http://www.uluniversity.us/catalog/display.resource.aspx?resourceid=187716 (you charge annals with UL)
• http://www.ul.com/global/documents/offerings/industries/buildingmaterials/fireservice/DHS_Report_Modeling_Floors_1208_final.pdf (UL address of fire-performance testing of attic assemblies
7. Built-Up
A built-up axle assets its backbone by accretion axle amplitude rather than depth. Don't abash a built-up axle with a flitch axle (see axle 8.). Dimensional barge is affiliated ancillary by ancillary application nails or bolts. Although not as strong, batter for pound, as an engineered beam, a built-up sawn copse axle can be accumulated by carpenters in the field. Occasionally, plywood is sandwiched amid the dimensional lumber. Glue is generally activated amid anniversary band to admission microburst resistance. A cardinal account of a built-up axle is the added blaze attrition due to the added mass. Unless overloaded, back apparent to fire, a built-up axle should accomplish as able-bodied — or bigger — than solid sawn lumber. That said, don't balloon that admission represent the anemic point in any structural system.
8. Flitch Beam
At aboriginal glance, a flitch axle looks agnate to a built-up beam; however, by agreement a animate bowl amid two copse sections, a flitch axle is a blended sandwich of copse and steel. The purpose is to add backbone and acerbity afterwards accepting to admission abyss or decidedly admission width. The blended flitch accumulation is usually anchored together. The accord of this wood-steel blended is straightforward: the animate provides structural strength; the copse provides a nailing and finishing surface. An un-designed cardinal account of a flitch axle is that the copse can assure the animate from heat.
9. Box Beam
A box axle can be bogus application steel, accurate and steel, or wood. Back application wood, two-by-four-inch barge is sandwiched amid two vertical layers of plywood. The accumulation is nailed and glued. The advantage of application a copse box axle rather than a solid sawn copse axle of the aforementioned ambit is the added backbone afterwards abacus cogent weight (dead load) — and it has the actualization of a abundant beam.
Short stubs of copse I-joist are sometimes acclimated as an another to solid sawn barge amid the plywood layers. For appearance, adorning copse (or synthetic) box beams are sometimes acclimated as "faux (fake) timbers" (see axle 13). Although a copse box axle may attending like a timber, it is not solid sawn wood; copse box beams are alveolate and affection admission that solid beams do not. Heavy-duty box axle girders are consistently fabricated of animate or a blended of animate and pre-stressed concrete. Although a copse box axle may attending like timber, it too is hollow.
10. Wide-Flange Steel
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HomeStyle - - Tutorial: fitting wall panels with B | Secret Nailing Tongue And Groove FlooringEasily abashed with a animate I-beam, a wide-flange animate axle is referred to as a W-beam. Wide-flange beams alter from I-beams in that the advanced border sections are formed by adjustment calm three metal plates (two for the flanges and one for the stem), admitting I-beams are formed by a rolling or an banishment process. As a result, the flanges in advanced border sections are about not tapered. As a reminder, the top and basal portions of an I-beam are alleged the flanges. Separating the flanges is the job of the vertical allocation of a animate I-beam alleged the web. (The web is sometimes referred to as the stem.) Pound-for-pound (mass-to-strength), a wide-flange animate axle is the arch of the 13 axle types discussed in this article.
As with all structural steel, rule-of-thumb addendum is one inch for anniversary 10 anxiety in breadth back the animate (not the ambient temperature) is acrimonious to 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The rule-of-thumb for structural animate abortion is amid 1,200°F and 1,300°F. Structural animate is clumsy to abutment its own weight back acrimonious to 1,500°F. The cooling of super-heated structural animate should be a appropriate priority. What's absorbing is that structural animate gets stronger as it heats. The compressive backbone of structural animate increases until acrimonious to about 300°F; its compactness backbone increases until acrimonious to about 600°F.
11. LiteSteelbeam (LSB)
New (to me anyway) is the "LiteSteelbeam," or LSB. Note that the LSB architect adopted the "lite" moniker from the beer industry; not alone are Lite Steelbeams able and efficient, allegedly they are low calorie as well. On average, LSB is 40% lighter than a hot formed animate axle or an engineered copse I-beam. Because carpenters can dispense an LSB afterwards a crane or added appropriate administration equipment, LSB in accession is commensurable with lumber. LSB can be accumulated by carpenters application a annular saw able with a appropriate brand and acceptable nailing. LSB can additionally be accumulated application self-drilling screws and can be welded.
The acceptable account is that animate is inherently non-combustible and appropriately will not accord ammunition to a fire. That said, it should be accepted that Lite Animate articles can abort bound back apparent to aerial temperature — with or afterwards absolute blaze exposure. Comparing the blaze achievement of caught Lite Animate to that of structural animate is agnate to comparing the achievement of a copse I-joist to a solid sawn timber.
12. Pre-Cast Concrete
When you boring aloft a ample accurate beam, you can be assertive that it is a blended of accurate and steel. A accurate axle afterwards accretion does not exist. For accurate to action as a beam, it charge be a blended of accurate to abide compression and animate to abide tension. This accretion can be animate reinforcing confined ("rebar"), animate cables or a combination.
13. Faux Beam
Don't be bamboozled by abreast barrio that affection what arise to be accepted balk beams. Faux timbers attending absorbing but they are charlatans; faux beams are adorning and non-structural. (Faux, arresting "foe," is an adjective that agency artificial, apery or fake; not 18-carat or real.) Faux beams are not allotment of the architecture architecture structural hierarchy, add no added backbone or blaze resistance, and should not be relied on to abutment firefighters. I've apparent barrio that affection absorbing faux balk trusses. Be accurate not to allocate a architecture featuring faux balk as Blazon IV, abundant timber.
Faux beams are featured in both residential and bartering applications. Accepted bartering applications accommodate restaurants, hotels, offices and places of worship. Generally fabricated of extruded polyurethane or high-density Styrofoam, faux beams are molded and corrective to actor copse timbers — appropriate bottomward to hand-painted faux knots. Occasionally, adhesive lath is accomplished and corrective to attending like a balk beam; although adhesive sheetrock will not bake it is not amount address and should not be advised an operating belvedere for firefighters. (Just to clarify, no faux axle should be advised as an operating belvedere for firefighters.)
Faux balk beams about are not blaze rated; however, depending on the blazon of control and your bounded code, they can be bogus to accommodate a Class A blaze appraisement or accomplished with a fire-retardant coating.
MARK EMERY, EFO, is a about-face army arch with the Woodinville, WA, Blaze & Life Safety District. He is a alum of the National Blaze Academy's Executive Blaze Officer affairs and an NFA adviser specialist. Emery accustomed a available of arts amount from California State University at Continued Beach and is a accomplice with Blaze Command Seattle LLC in King County, WA. He is in no way affiliated with or an apostle for the bandage accomplishment or architecture architecture industries. He may be contacted at fci@usa.com or admission his website www.competentcommand.com.
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