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[Editor's note: For an addition to this series, go here.]

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In the boilerplate of the night, a 22-year-old abundant woman awakens alone, abashed and in pain. Admitting added than three weeks abide until her commitment due date, she contacts a nurse, who confirms she's in labour. The woman is bound handcuffed, and her ankles are shackled together.

Accompanied by a government official, the woman is accustomed to hospital. She continues to labour, now shackled to a bed. Some 18 hours afterwards her son is built-in -- but with complications, so he's taken to the accelerated affliction unit. For two weeks the woman, still restrained, is consistently escorted to the attic beneath to appointment and breastfeed him.

During these weeks together, the woman expects to accompany her son aback to bastille with her, mentally advancing herself for the transition. But because of a breeze activity change, the son is instead placed in government care, and the woman is affected to acknowledgment to her cell, alone.

This is how Amanda Inglis, an Ancient woman from Williams Lake, told the adventure of her son Damien's bearing in her affidavit afore British Columbia's Supreme Cloister in May 2013.

A above bedfellow in B.C.'s Alouette Correctional Centre for Women, Inglis is one of two plaintiffs who pursued a built-in claiming to seek acknowledgment of the bigoted institution's mother-baby program.

For three years, the affairs accustomed mothers to accompany their breed into bastille afterwards bearing and accession them while confined their sentences. But the affairs was annulled ancient in Inglis's bastille term, in April 2008, about two weeks afterwards Damien was born. Had it continued, Inglis would accept been able to accumulate her son at Alouette, adopting him there through the antithesis of her 21-month sentence.

Together with Patricia Block, addition mother and above bedfellow at Alouette, Inglis brought a affirmation adjoin the province's Justice Admiral to accompany the affairs back.

Without programs like the one at Alouette, mothers and babies are afar anon afterwards birth, with the accouchement placed in the affliction of B.C.'s Admiral of Accouchement and Ancestors Development. This deprives newborns of the allowances of their mothers' breast milk, and deprives both mother and adolescent of the adeptness to band -- in anniversary case arch to abrogating bloom outcomes, according to advocates. It additionally armament mothers to booty their own acknowledged action, afterward absolution from prison, to achieve aegis of their children.

Inglis and Block argued these outcomes abandoned on their appropriate and those of their accouchement to life, alternative and aegis of the person, to abstain atrocious and abnormal punishment, and to according aegis and according account of the law afterwards discrimination, as ensured by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Recently, they saw their ancient success: in December, B.C. Supreme Cloister Justice Carol Ross assured that the abandoning of the mother-baby affairs was absolutely unconstitutional, actionable the rights of Inglis and Block to adequation and aegis of person.

Ross's acumen gives the arena six months to change the way it administers correctional services, ensuring its decisions do not abide to abjure prisoners' Charter rights.

With an estimated 20,000 Canadian accouchement afar from confined mothers every year, the after-effects of the accommodation may be cogent to a ample cardinal of families -- both in B.C., but beyond the country as well.

Who are these moms?

Though women accomplish up alone 10 per cent of B.C.'s bastille population, the all-embracing amount of women confined in Canada has been rising: In 2009, women fabricated up aloof over one-fifth (21 per cent) of all adults answerable with a Criminal Code offence, up from 15 per cent in 1979. That's no bargain statistic: the boilerplate amount of imprisoning a woman in a federal academy is $175,000 to $250,000 a year.

Kim Pate, controlling administrator of the Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies, links the acceleration to cuts in amusing programs, bloom affliction and education.

Another abeyant contributor is the federal government's 2012 album abomination bill. The Safe Streets and Communities Act stiffened binding minimum penalties for biologic offences. Added than a year afterwards the Act came into force, incarceration ante of women are predicted to increase.

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Regardless of cause, the B.C. government additionally thinks the allotment of the citizenry abaft confined is set to increase. The Admiral of Justice forecasts that the cardinal of confined will "rise by 1.5 per cent to two per cent a year for the accountable future" -- faster than the 1.3 per cent admission the government projects in the bigoted population.

The archetypal confined woman in Canada is poor, and disproportionately acceptable to be aboriginal. Thirty-five per cent of women in bigoted prisons accept a Grade 9 apprenticeship or below, and 40 per cent accept been classified as illiterate. A Statistics Canada address appear in mid-2013 activate that 94 per cent of changeable offenders in bigoted aegis accept substance-use accompanying needs. Two-thirds of federally-sentenced women are mothers, and abounding were the sole caregiver of their adolescent afore prison.

In B.C., the majority of women offenders serve their sentences area Amanda Inglis did, at Alouette. Located in Maple Ridge, it's the sole women-only corrections ability in the province. Best Alouette inmates accept been answerable with a drug-related offence; sentences are about short, averaging 60 to 90 days.

If a mother-to-be at Alouette, or any added B.C. bigoted correctional facility, went into labour today, it's not bright what would appear to her and her baby. While the government has adumbrated it will not address Ross's decision, it has yet to advertise what its plan for the mother-baby affairs is activity forward.

Justice Minister Suzanne Anton told the CBC: "Prison admiral are actual acquainted of the allegation to be ready. So abutting time the babyish comes, they will be ready, and they will be authoritative abiding that they accept the best systems in abode that they can put in place."

Whether or not that agency the academic acknowledgment of the mother-baby program, which allows babies built-in to confined women to break in bastille with their mothers, charcoal to be seen.

'I had aggregate I needed'

Jennifer Smith spent seven months of her abundance at Alouette. Her daughter, Sierra, was the aftermost babyish built-in afore the abandoning of the mother-baby affairs at the facility. Now 29 years old and active in a quiet residential neighbourhood in East Vancouver with her family, Smith is one of the program's success stories.

In 2007, at 23, Smith was bedevilled to 10 months in bastille for crimes committed to abutment her biologic habit. Then she activate out she was pregnant. She recalls actuality blessed to apprehend the news.

"It was scary, but I knew that I capital to be a mother and that I capital to get my activity together," she said. "I knew that actuality abundant was apparently the best affair that could accept happened to me at that time."

Sierra was built-in two months afore her due date, angular at three pounds, seven ounces. Mother and babe backward a ages in hospital until Sierra was big abundant to be transported aback to Alouette. When the two returned, they were placed in a "tiny" allowance with a bed, bassinet and desk, Smith remembers. "It didn't bother me though, because I had aggregate I needed," she said.

Smith remained in the allowance with her babe for the blow of her sentence, accustomed to associate occasionally with two added mothers, additionally with infants.

Seven years later, she stresses the program's amount in accomplishments Alouette's disturbing mothers.

"If I wasn't accustomed the advantage to go aback to Alouette with Sierra, I don't apperceive area I would accept been or area she would accept been. It's aloof so important to accept whatever bonding time you can have," Smith said.

The mother-baby affairs was a affiliation amid B.C. Corrections, the Admiral of Accouchement and Ancestors Development, and B.C. Women's Hospital. Abundant inmates disturbing with addiction would be apparent at the hospital's Fir Square Assemblage by a specialized aggregation of nurses and doctors accomplished in alleviative substance-using abundant women and their new babies.

There, mother and adolescent were accustomed to break in the aforementioned allowance if the babyish was built-in with biologic abandonment affection -- not alone for compassionate reasons, but for medical ones: studies accept activate newborns who break with their mothers during abandonment crave beneath analysis and are absolved sooner.

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Amy Salmon, aforetime the coordinator of the Sheway abundance beat affairs in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside, was complex in an operational appraisal of Alouette's mother-baby program. She brash medical annal of mother-infant pairs from B.C. Women's Hospital, and interviewed mothers who alternate in the program, as able-bodied as bastille health-related contractors.

"It acclimated to be that women would appear from Alouette while they were abundant at whatever point fabricated sense, and they would break on [at] Fir Square -- sometimes for weeks," Salmon said. There, they could admission counselling and parenting classes, and accommodated with corrections or admiral representatives. If all was well, they would acknowledgment to Alouette with their babies, she said.

On the whole, Salmon assured that the mother-baby affairs acutely led to bigger bloom and amusing outcomes from mothers and babies.

Alison Granger-Brown, a recreational therapist in allegation of advertisement advantageous bedfellow lifestyles at Alouette about the time of the mother-baby program, acclaimed its absolute impacts on mother and adolescent aloft their acknowledgment to the prison.

"The babies absolutely thrived, because of advance the mothers were well-nourished, the babies were well-nourished," said Granger-Brown, who accommodated from her position in beef afterwards the affairs was annulled in April 2008.

"They had aggregate that they needed, apparently added so than in the community."

The 'babies in prison' program

From the program's abandoning up until May 2013, 106 abundant women entered the B.C. Corrections system, according to Justice Admiral statistics. Twenty-two of those women gave bearing while incarcerated.

It's still not absolutely bright why the affairs was cancelled, admitting in August 2008, B.C. Corrections started to about accurate assurance apropos about the program. A agent told the Canadian Press: "Our agents are not [trained] to administer breed and they're not accomplished in babyish ancient aid or anything... if article went amiss and we didn't acknowledge appropriately, we aloof couldn't accident putting an babyish in that situation."

Brenda Tole, the Alouette administrator who helped set up the program, retired the summer afore the affairs ended. Tole did not acknowledge to a address for an interview.

Jim Dwyer, a assistant at the Virginia-based William & Mary Law School, was the ancient actuality to claiming the amends of mother-baby programs in the U.S.

"What's absolutely abominable is that no one talks about the amends of putting accouchement in prison," he said in an account with CBC's The Current.

"We alive in societies area the accompaniment simply, constitutionally, may not put bodies in bastille aloof because it thinks it ability be acceptable for them, and it is amazing that we do this to accouchement afterwards alike an adversarial audition in which addition represents them apart and argues adjoin it."

Guilt and shame

The amends of incarcerating babies aside, added affairs critics accept argued it's alarming for accouchement to alive in the demanding and akin ambiance of a prison.

Yet prisoners who've apparent the affairs in activity say the attendance of babies may absolutely accomplish bastille safer for moms.

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Patricia Block, 35, lived in the aforementioned assemblage as Alouette mothers and babies in 2007. She remembers a spirit of aggregate account that developed amid the mothers and added inmates.

"With the babies about anybody was a lot added affable and quieter -- there was beneath brusque cant about the kids," she said.

When Block afterwards alternate to the aforementioned Alouette assemblage on biologic answerability accuse in September 2008, she activate the babyish toys and agitation armchair had disappeared. Three months abundant herself, Block began to accompany official and acknowledged channels in adjustment to accumulate her babyish with her while confined time.

While B.C.'s affairs -- the alone bigoted one of its affectionate -- was cancelled, a agnate affairs was still operating at federal correctional institutions, and still is today. Block activated to serve her two-year book at the federal Fraser Valley Institution, acquisitive to be accustomed to the "mother-child" affairs there.

Despite those efforts, a anniversary afore Block's due date she abstruse she had not been accepted. On March 17, 2009, she gave bearing to a babyish girl, Amber, who was placed in advance care.

Though Block now lives with four-year-old Amber, her bedmate and family, she still struggles with the three-month separation, and adventures alternating nightmares of actuality in bastille afterwards her children.

"When I was in the bosom of it, best of my affliction came from the actuality that I was affliction Amber by not actuality there for her. I couldn't be, I didn't alike accept a choice," Block said.

"There's a lot of answerability and there's a lot of shame, and it all aloof adds assimilate the accomplished acumen why I was in bastille in the ancient place."

Turning to the courts

Five years afterwards the cloister claiming over the abandoning was launched, the balloon began in May 2013.

Former Alouette administrator Brenda Tole was amid the advocates to affirm in abutment of the program. Joining her were Dr. Ruth Martin, Alouette's above doctor; Sarah Payne, a midwife who formed at B.C. Women's Fir Square Assemblage and who had brash on the conception of the program; Sheway's Amy Salmon; and interveners from the BC Civil Liberties Association and West Coast Leaf.

Concluding that the program's abandoning abandoned the Charter, Justice Ross acclaimed the acceptable assignment the affairs had done:

"Provincially bedevilled mothers and their babies are associates of a accessible and disadvantaged group. In that regard, the affairs of Ancient mothers and their breed are of accurate concern, accustomed the history of over-representation of Ancient women in the confined citizenry and the history of break of Ancient families acquired by accompaniment action. The mother-baby affairs represented a cogent footfall advanced in the advancement of the affairs of the mothers and their babies who qualified."

At the time of publication, the cachet of babies built-in to confined mothers charcoal unclear. B.C. Corrections beneath to animadversion on the program, and has remained quiet back its advertisement that it would not address the cloister decision.

Sentry Correctional Bloom Services, the clandestine article apprenticed by B.C. Corrections to accommodate bloom affliction for bigoted correctional inmates, additionally did not acknowledge to account requests.

"Hope is what the women had at that time at Alouette," said Granger-Brown. "The abandoning of the mother-baby affairs and added programs absolutely arrested a abode area they could activate to alpha alteration their lives."

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Due to the efforts of Inglis, Block and others who fought for the program's reinstatement, that achievement may anon be renewed.

Next Friday: A attending at the lives of substance-using mothers and abundant women, who face accusation and assorted barriers in accessing abutment and treatment.

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