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["3880"]Roborace Just Unveiled World's First Self-Driving Electric Racecar ... | a 975 kg sports car including driver


a 975 kg sports car including driver


Carroll Shelby wasn’t the aboriginal actuality who anticipation of putting a able American agent in a British sports car. Sydney Allard did it added than a decade afore Shelby fabricated his aboriginal Ford powered A.C.E. and alleged it a Cobra. As a bulk of fact, Shelby raced an Allard J2 in the aboriginal 1950s. So did Zora Arkus Duntov, whose ARDUN active were able on the flathead Ford V8s that Allard adapted to UK calm bazaar J2s. Allard’s American barter about adopted to buy cars afterwards engines so their could fit their best of aerial compression OHV V8s that were proliferating in the backward 1940s and aboriginal 1950s. The best accustomed agent was the 331 cubic inch Cadillac V8, alien in 1949. Absolutely Allard wasn’t the abandoned British architect with the abstraction of application American beef in his achievement cars. Donald Healey additionally capital to use Cadillac engines in his sports cars and catholic to Detroit to buy them. A adventitious appointment while shipboard with a ample man demography stereo photographs, though, afflicted those plans.

["510.22"]Solved: (II) A 975-kg sports car (including driver) crosses the ...Solved: (II) A 975-kg sports car (including driver) crosses the ... | a 975 kg sports car including driver

Due to his absorption in aviation, Donald Healey’s ancestor anchored him an apprenticeship with the Sopwith Aerodynamics Company, area he formed while continuing his engineering studies. At the age of aloof 16 years old, Healey volunteered for the Royal Aerial Corps, earning his wings and afresh aerial activity missions including bombing raids. Afterwards actuality attempt bottomward by affable blaze and accepting a few added crashes, he was declared medically unfit to fly and spent the continuance of the war affection blockage aeroplane components. Afterwards the war he took an automotive engineering accord advance and opened up a adjustment garage, accretion into car rentals. Soon, he begin motor antagonism and ambulatory added agitative than active the business, which he proceeded to use to adapt cars for competition.

Healey became an able assemblage driver, aggressive in nine beeline Monte Carlo Rallies, with an all-embracing win in 1931. His success as a disciplinarian brought him some absorption and in 1932 he was assassin by Riley and awash off his garage. In 1933 he abutting Triumph as arch of alpha engineering, afterwards confined as abstruse director. He was amenable for the architecture of a new ancestors of four and six butt OHV engines forth with the supercharged bifold aerial cam, all aluminum beeline eight for the actual bound assembly Dolomite sports car. Healey was recruited by Joseph Lucas Ltd. in 1937 but alternate to Triumph anon thereafter, adored with a bank on the lath of directors, eventually ascent to managing director.

Unfortunately, by the time he got that job, Triumph was in abhorrent banking actualization and went into receivership in 1939. The Thomas Ward company that bought the assets awash one of Triumph’s two factories, and busy out the other, so afterwards annihilation to manage, Healey looked for added work, eventually catastrophe up at Roote’s Humber subsidiary, area he formed on armored cars during the additional apple war. As a affiliate of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve he additionally commanded a training squadron.

Despite his obligations confined the war accomplishment in compatible and in his day job, Healey managed to acquisition time to accord anticipation to animating Triumph afterwards the war. Perhaps it was a cerebral way of arresting with the war aback abundant of Triumph’s applique was destroyed in German air raids on Coventry in backward 1940, but Healey and some coworkers at Humber, stylist Ben Bowden, architect A.C. “Sammy” Sampietro (who afterwards advised the Jeep “Tornado” six as arch architect at Willys (and afterwards Kaiser) Jeep), and accession assets pilot, James Watt, started alive on an all-new Triumph they hoped to anatomy and advertise afterwards the end of hostilities.

However, by the time Healey and his aggregation approached Ward with their angle in 1944, the company had already absent absorption in authoritative cars. Also, it is acceptable that Ward was already negotiating the deal that was assured afterwards that year to advertise what remained of Triumph to the Standard Motor Company, which would animate the cast into how best bodies today bethink Triumph cars. While Healey and his aggregation would not be able to themselves acknowledgment Triumph to the acreage of the living, the actuality that they’d started with a apple-pie area with their design, altered to any antecedent Triumph car, meant that they could abide to advance the activity afterwards accepting to pay royalties or be abased on Triumph’s owners for components.

Healey acclimated his connections, developed from over a decade in the industry, to acquisition accomplishment amplitude and a supplier, Riley Motors, for the $.25 they couldn’t accomplish themselves: engines, transmissions, rear ends, and added altered components. With money aloft from ancestors and friends, and a adamantine to defended accomplishment authorization in hand, in 1945 Healey started the Donald Healey Motor Aggregation Ltd, with their aboriginal cars, a auto and sedan, activity into assembly in October 1946.

Aaron Severson declared Donald Healey’s aboriginal cars in his history of the Nash-Healey at Ate Up With Motor (from which abundant of this column is drawn):

The aboriginal Healeys were sleek, low-slung, and decidedly aerodynamic; with wood-framed aluminum bodies on a animate frame, they advised about 2,500 lb (1,125 kg), depending on coachwork. They acclimated Sampietro’s absolute advanced suspension, with abaft accoutrements and braid springs. The rear abeyance acclimated a Riley torque tube, agitated on braid springs and amid by accompanying ambit accoutrements and a Panhard rod. The four-speed gearbox was additionally provided by Riley, as was the engine, an abnormal 2,443 cc (149 cu. in.) inline four with hemispherical agitation accommodation and accompanying in-block camshafts. Rated achievement was 104 hp (78 kW) and 132 lb-ft (178 N-m) of torque.

They were able of added than 100 mph as they larboard the works, authoritative them amid the fastest cars awash in Britain at the time. They becoming chic victories in the 1947 and 1948 Alpine Rallies, the 1948 Targa Florio and the 1949 Mille Miglia. Admitting they performed well, they additionally were big-ticket (the auto was the agnate of about $6,300) attached assembly to aloof 227 cars through backward 1950. Accession 120 rolling anatomy were awash to barter who capital custom bodywork.

Donald Healey’s aboriginal accurate sports car was the Silverstone, alleged afterwards the UK’s best acclaimed chase track. Admitting it aggregate its Riley mechanicals with the beforehand Healeys, the anatomy was different, with the agent army further aback for bigger weight administration and it had a declining aluminum body. Top acceleration was a claimed 110 mph, and it was a bigger arrangement than the beforehand cars, starting at just £975 ($2,730) afore taxes. In the U.S. they were awash for $3,995.

The Silverstone had cut-down doors, cycle-type fenders, a fold-down windshield, and aloof about no aegis from the elements. Abeyance was via braid springs at all four corners, with abaft accoutrements in advanced and a rear arbor amid with a torque tube, ambit accoutrements and a Panhard Rod. Telescoping shock absorbers replaced the batten activity dampers of aboriginal Healeys.

One of the aboriginal American barter was admirer racer Briggs Cunningham, who in 1949 bought two Silverstones for racing. Cunningham adapted one of them with the afresh new Cadillac OHV V8 and a Ford transmission, acquiescent abundant bigger achievement over the Riley able cars. Healey and his son Geoff, by afresh a alum engineer, managed to access their own Cadillac agent and they apparent that not abandoned did the V8 accept 56 hp added than the Riley four cylinder, and alert as abundant torque, it advised no added than the Riley and it bigger weight distribution.

It wasn’t aloof the achievement that afflicted Donald Healey. He saw the use of an American agent as a way of affairs added cars in the U.S. The UK and Europe were still rebuilding afterwards the confusion of WWII while America was experiencing a postwar bread-and-butter and automotive boom. Donald Healey Motor Aggregation was by then nearly £50,000 in debt and they bare the business.

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In December of 1949, Healey appointed access on the Queen Elizabeth ocean liner and set off for the United States and a affair with Ed Cole, Cadillac’s arch engineer, afterwards the ancestor of the baby block Chevy V8. While on lath the ship, Healey, a photography buff, noticed a tall, rather fat admirer demography pictures with a 3D rig, best acceptable a Stereo Realist camera, which were accustomed in the backward 1940s and aboriginal 1950s (coinciding with the 3D cine chic of that era). Healey approached him to allocution about photography and the ample man with the absorbing camera angry out to be George W. Mason, admiral of Nash-Kelvinator, on his way aback to Kenosha from the European auto actualization circuit. Both of them actuality in the auto business, admitting on altered scales, Mason arrive Healey for dinner, area Healey told him of his planned affair with Cole in Detroit. Mason cautioned Healey that Cadillac was affairs every V8 powered car it could accomplish and appropriate that if things didn’t assignment out for him in Detroit, he should accord him a alarm in Kenosha.

As Mason expected, at the affair with Cole the GM architect told Healey that they had no accommodation to additional him some V8s for his Anglo-American sports car project. While Nash didn’t accept a V8, they did accept a 235 cubic inch six, so Healey went with plan B and a cruise to Wisconsin. In Kenosha, Mason fabricated Healey that accustomed accord he couldn’t refuse. Not abandoned would Nash accumulation Healey with engines, transmissions, overdrive units, and rear axles, they would do so on credit, and, putting the blooming on top, the American aggregation would administer the accomplished cars via Nash’s banker network.

Though the Nash six was added than the Riley four, it had abundant low speed torque and it was durable. Assembly Nash-Healeys featured a special aluminum butt head, adapted with accompanying SU carbs, that had college compression. Nash-Healey engines additionally featured a hotter cam. The improvements aerial application from 115 to 125, with 210 lb-ft of torque at aloof 1,600 rpm. The ancestor was entered at LeMans in 1950 and did adequately well, third in chic and fourth overall, assault Cunningham’s Cadillac powered entry.

The assembly car, alleged the Nash-Healey, was arise at the 1950 Paris auto salon in October. It had a anew styled aluminum anatomy that clashing the Silverstone’s aeon fenders, was an envelope architecture with basic fenders. It was advised by Donald Healey and Len Hodges and the anatomy was fabricated by Panelcraft Sheetmetal in Birmingham, England. To accumulate the car constant with added Nashes, Mason accustomed that $.25 and pieces of the Nash Ambassador, including the grille design, be incorporated. Added Nash genitalia included headlights, bumpers, hubcaps, and a beneath Ambassador torque tube. The Nash-Healey was additionally able with the Ambassador’s Bendix brakes (drums).

Healey was never absolutely blessed with application the Nash grille, comparing it to actor Joe E. Brown, accustomed for his rather ample mouth. Aback he revised the car for the European bazaar as the Alvis powered Healey Sports Convertible, Healey had the advanced end redesigned.

Regular assembly of the Nash-Healey began in December 1950, activity on bargain in the U.S. in the bounce of 1951 afterwards actuality alien at the Chicago Auto Show. It was accessible in two colors, ivory and maroon, with covering upholstery, and whitewall tires. The sources say that the aboriginal Nash-Healeys had breeze in Perspex (acrylic) ancillary curtains that had to be stored in the block aback not in use but the beach one pictured in this column appears to accept windows that accelerate up and down. Perhaps they’re agnate to the windows on the aboriginal Lotus Elans, which were counterweighted but had no cranks. Curb weight was 2,600 lbs. Admitting the added motor concluded up causing understeer, in accustomed the Nash-Healey was admired as accepting competent administration and a adequate ride. Zero to sixty time was about 12 abnormal with a top acceleration of 104 mph. Not as quick or as fast as the Silverstone but still actual admirable acceleration for the aboriginal 1950s. Reviews about accustomed the sports car, admitting they criticized the bank bench and said that the 10 inch boom brakes were not acceptable for fast driving.

Though Nash dealers were agog about the car as what we’d alarm a aura vehicle, a exhibit cartage builder, the car bulk aloof over $4,000, added than 60% added cher than the abutting best big-ticket Nash. Aloof 104 1951 Nash-Healeys were made. Abandoned 20 are accustomed to abide today, best of them not in operating condition.

While not a huge agent for Nash, the Nash-Healey helped antithesis the books at Donald Healey’s company, acceptance them to advance with the development of what would become accustomed as the Austin-Healey 100, the aboriginal of the alleged “big Healeys”.

A year afterwards his adventitious shipboard appointment with Donald Healey, George Mason was already afresh touring the above European auto shows. He was afflicted with the assignment of Battista “Pinin” Farina, of Turin, Italy, decidedly the Lancia Aurelia B10. Upon his acknowledgment to Kenosha, Mason had his protege, George Romney, appoint Farina as a administration consultant. Admitting actual little of Farina’s administration suggestions would end up on assembly cars, Nash answer the affiliation and the company’s cars bore the Pinin Farina badge.

One car that did end up featuring Farina’s administration was the second bearing Nash-Healey. Farina gave it a new grille with inset headlamps (a administration burden that would eventually actualization up on the 1955 Ambassador), a one allotment windshield and flared rear fenders that kicked up into proto-tailfins. The 2nd gen Nash-Healey was a convertible, not a roadster, with cleanup windows, and afterwards a auto adaptation was offered.  The bodies were fabricated of steel, instead of aluminum, consistent in decidedly added weight and lower performance. Donald Healey’s Joe E. Brown comments notwithstanding, I adopt the attending of the aboriginal cars, which because of their low production, aren’t as acceptable to be apparent at car shows so they’re not as able-bodied accustomed as the afterwards cars. Not abandoned do I anticipate it’s a added adorable design, there is added architecture chain amid the aboriginal Nash-Healeys and the Austin-Healeys than with the additional bearing cars. The beforehand cars accept a around-the-clock affection about them. It wouldn’t abruptness me if assemblage anticipation the beforehand cars were absolutely newer.

Recently there’s been renewed absorption in Nash-Healeys in general, and the aboriginal versions in particular. The Fast ‘N Loud television show on the Discovery Channel featured a aboriginal generation Nash-Healey, hyping the six-figure bulk of the beforehand cars. One acumen why that car was on the actualization is that actualization brilliant Richard Rawlings’ business partner, Gumball rallier Dennis Collins, whose ancestors owns a acknowledged Jeep, is a austere Healey collector, accepting endemic 200 or so at one time or another, including some historically cogent aboriginal Healeys.

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You won’t get any beforehand than this accurate Nash-Healey, nor will you acquisition a car with any bigger provenance. It was allotment of a retrospective on the change of the sports car at the 2014 Antagonism of America. The little beach roadster was not aloof the aboriginal Nash-Healey built, it was endemic by Donald Healey and it was acclimated for his claimed busline aback in the United States. It currently belongs to John Kruse of Worldwide Auctions. The accountable of a $400,000 apology to how it was aback Donald Healey collection it, the car has been a champ at a cardinal of car shows and concourses. Kruse bought Healey anatomy #N2001 aback Collins put it up for bargain aftermost year. The reported sale bulk was bisected a actor dollars, including the bargain house’s cut.

While I was buttoning up this post, I apparent that in alertness for that sale, Collins put calm a abundant history of the car. He calls it “the aboriginal purpose congenital American Sports Car”. I’ll alibi that little bit of hype, Collins is all about the advertising (as you’ll see below). In fact, the Nash-Healey was at best abandoned bisected American and never congenital in America (and the Crosley Hotshot was acceptable the aboriginal American sports car) but Collins’ history of the car does ample in a lot of the details, including the car’s antagonism history:

Winner from day one: the aboriginal purpose-built American Sports Car

Like abounding of life’s treasures, the Nash-Healey’s bearing was an absurd assemblage of events. Its ancestry sprang from a adventitious affair in 1949 aboard the Queen Elizabeth, amid Donald Healey and George Mason, admiral of Nash-Kelvinator Co. Mason capital a sports car to advance the angel of his auto aggregation and Healey was on his way to aback to England afterwards declining to access Cadillac engines from GM for his new sports car. They agreed that motor antagonism was a call in the development and advance of a sports car. Mason anticipation his Ambassador agent would be perfect. The rest, as they say, is history: America’s aboriginal accurate sports car, advised from the alpha to go toe to toe with the world’s finest. Conceived with the engineering ability of England’s adept car artist and accomplished by the banking abetment of a abundant American automated corporation, the after-effects were anticipated – one of the abundant cars of the age. As anon as aboriginal prototypes were ready, they began to arise on the chase advance of the apple amid some actual acclaimed company.

It is June of 1950, abandoned months afterwards its conception, and the apprentice marque finds itself in the baking alembic of motorsports: Le Mans. The branch drivers Tony Rolt and Duncan Hamilton accept apprenticed the afresh complete Panelcraft aluminum-bodied Nash Healey ancestor to the chase from the branch in England. They are amidst by decades of tradition, hundreds of years of European and English engineering ability and the admirable marques of the world, including a first: a two-car Cadillac branch aggregation with the abounding abutment of GM, fielded by millionaire amateur Briggs Cunningham. Our heroes adapt to do action .

The starting filigree is formidable, including 4.5 litre Talbot-Lagos from France, looking  like baffled declining dart cars. Three Ferraris from Luigi Chinetti’s North America Antagonism Team, the branch Jaguar XK120s and the Aston Martin branch aggregation are amid those who acutely came to win. Two declining Allards, one apprenticed by Sidney Allard himself , were now able with monster 5.4-liter Cadillac engines with assorted carburetion and were acutely asleep serious.

The after-effects afterwards 24 hours: abandoned two of  the 4.5-litre Talbot-Lagos and Sidney Allard in the 5.4-liter Allard accept baffled the 3.8-liter Nash- Healey. The best the Jaguars can do is 12th and 15th. The brittle Ferraris are all parked, not one of the prancing  horses is prancing at the finish. The Cadillac aggregation can abandoned do 10th and 11th, the alpha of several defeats at the easily of the Nash-Healey for American figure Briggs Cunningham. The Nash Healey is a monster success on the better date in the world. Mason is sold, and authorizes the alpha of production. A brilliant is born.

In the 1951 Le Mans race, Briggs Cunnigham came to play. He entered three Chrysler 5.5-liter Hemi-powered C2Rs. In animosity of condoning second, third and fourth, his best accomplishment of the three cars was 18th as his cars were still somewhat overweight. The Panelcraft admixture bodied Rolt-Hamilton Nash-Healey was to accomplishment a actual nice sixth. This was the year of the C-type Jaguar and Dunlop disc brakes, of Jaguar,  Talbot-Lago, Aston Martin, Aston Martin, Nash-Healey and Ferarri 340. Several added Ferraris accomplished bottomward the list.

But the Nash-Healey’s final branch actualization at Le Mans in 1952 would be the jewel in the crown. Nineteen-fifty two would mark the accession to the apple of the Mercedes-Benz 300SL branch team. It was the 30th active of the 24-hour chase and the Germans were not to be denied. The Mercedes-Benz branch was about to conduct a dispensary on how to run a able antagonism team. (History shows that a adolescent Roger Penske was present, demography accurate notes.)

This was apparently a apple almanac to date for the bulk of money spent by a architect on a motor chase (not a government – the Third Reich apparently holds that record). The Mercedes-Benz aggregation had, in accession to the requisite dozen or so engineers in the binding white lab coats, at atomic 40 technicians, bristles absolutely able and activated antagonism cars (two were spares) and, abnormal at the time, two semi trailers absolutely outfitted as workshops.

I anticipate we all apperceive who was activity to win this little fracas. Predictably the Mercedes aggregation accomplished one-two. Score a achievement to Rommel and the Panzers. Let’s account the top bristles aback we are all sportsmen here: Mercedes, Mercedes, Nash-Healey, Cunningham C4R coupe, Ferrari 340. So Briggs Cunningham gets into the top four with his new bulk dollar car, now abundant lighter with 350hp, and still has to attending at the aback end of a Nash-Healey. Bummer.

So, is the adventure actuality that the little Nash was able to defeat all but the Panzers; or that already afresh no bulk how abounding millions he spent, Briggs Cunningham could not defeat the Donald Healey design?

No, the adventure is that for two ancestors absurd American collectors and best racers accept fought tooth and attach (and checkbook) over “European purebreds,” and accept remained fundamentally apprenticed about these wonderful, abundantly adult cars that aboriginal took our banderole into action with such distinction.

In accession to its almanac at Le Mans, the Nash-Healey competed at the Mille Miglia, finishing as aerial as 30th (out of over 400 entries in 1951) of 173 finishers. Nash-Healeys additionally competed there in 1952 and 1953. A appropriate car was able for the 1953 Mille Miglia apprenticed by American ace John Fitch. This abundantly fast car was able-bodied in it until affected to retire with anchor (hydraulic) failure.

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Sadly, this adventure does not accept an altogether blessed ending. As in the American auto industry in general, appearance was about to vanquish substance, and these lithe, declining alloy-bodied Panelcraft Nash-Healeys would be replaced by the animate bodied Pinin Farina cars in 1952. Longer, wider, appendage finned, beauties that looked added like the alley activity sedans, with hundreds of pounds added “road adhering weight,” they were glamourous to a fault. With animated names like Le Mans and adult looks, they acutely could not bout the achievement of the admixture Panelcraft cars, but still ashamed the brand of Thunderbird and Corvette, sports cars in name only. One hundred four of the admixture Panelcraft assembly cars were built. According to the Nash-Healey registry, as of today 20 are accounted for. Of these 20, seven are in operating condition. Three can be classified as restored.

Three of these aboriginal cars accept been presented as entries into the avant-garde day Mille Miglia, one of the best celebrated and absolute contest in celebrated motorsports. All three cars accept been accustomed and accept run and completed the event.

Now we appear to that point in our chat area we about-face to evaluation. We would all like to accept the aboriginal Gullwing, snatched from the Mercedes-Benz  museum, but that is not activity to happen. I am sure, however, we are all aloof abundant to abode some bulk on it. At atomic seven figures. What seven abstracts is area we would differ.

How about the aboriginal Ferrari? Afresh seven figures, but what that abstracts would be would be all over the room. The C4R that accomplished 4th at Le Mans in ’52? Let’s not be picky, I will booty any Cunningham aggregation car.

The point is this: The aboriginal 1953 Corvette was not the aboriginal American sports car. It is a nice cruiser congenital on a beneath 1949 Chevy frame, with a fiberglass anatomy complete by a baiter manufacturer. It has the aforementioned adventitious at a sports car accident as a snowball in a frying pan. The Cunninghams had their shot, but their after-effects were wanting. They are abundant cars, are huge money and we all covet them, but they were not about in 1950.

So abandoned and adventurous we accept the admixture bodied Panelcraft Nash-Healeys. Competitive with the world’s finest from the aeon that the sports cars we crave the best were created.

Now we present the actual aboriginal Nash-Healey assembly car. Anatomy #N2001 Agent #NHA1001, Panelcraft admixture bodied, duke built. A car that bulk $8,000 delivered, aback the best big-ticket Ferrari bulk $9,500, accession acumen they were bedevilled to be replaced by the easier-to-produce animate Pinin Farina cars that were bags less. That is why they were exclusive, and that is why there are not abounding around. In alley trim they were 124 MPH cars; and in chase trim 144 MPH cars. No added American car came close.

Let’s not quibble. This is the aboriginal amid firsts. The crème de la crème. The best of the best. This auto is acceptable for the most  celebrated contest in best motorsports. Today, as it did in the day, it will attempt with, and defeat Ferrari, Maserati, Jaguar, Alfa and Mercedes, annihilation it comes up against. It will win on actualization acreage or track, assemblage or race.

Notes:

1. The white 1952 Nash-Healey was photographed at the examination to RM Auction’s 2014 Motor City bargain captivated in affiliation with the Antagonism of America at St. John’s. The atramentous 1952 Nash-Healey was photographed at the 2011 Eyes On Architecture show. A cardinal of assemblage at the bargain examination and at the antagonism mentioned how the white Nash-Healey was antic wire spoked hubcaps from off of a Chrysler. Looking at actual photos, it appears that the caster covers on the atramentous car are additionally not correct.

2. Due to my own absorption in stereo photography and videography I tracked bottomward George Mason’s grandson, to see if the ancestors had adored any of his stereo photos. I’ve begin some best 3D photos of cars from the Keystone Appearance aggregation and I anticipation it ability be air-conditioned to see some 3D pics of cars attempt by a guy who ran a car company. Unfortunately, Mason’s stereophotographic bulk has been absent to posterity. Please digitize your family’s photos, films and videotapes.

Ronnie Schreiber edits Cars In Depth, a astute angle on cars & car ability and the aboriginal 3D car site. If you begin this column worthwhile, you can get a parallax appearance at Cars In Depth. If the 3D affair freaks you out, don’t worry, all the photo and video players in use at the armpit accept address options. Thanks for account – RJS

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