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In this extract from Reinier de Graaf's new book Four Walls and a Roof: The Complex Nature of a Simple Profession (Harvard University Press), the all-pervasive work and pedagogical convenance of Ernst Neufert is put beneath the spotlight. Was he an architect, a teacher, or article beyond than both? In examining Neufert's agog pursuit of the "norm", De Graaf sheds ablaze on the appulse and constant bequest of the columnist of Architect’s Data.

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His congenital output—a few automated complexes, some apartment projects, and the Quelle Mail Adjustment address in Nuremberg—is not abundant to allege of, but his name is accustomed to every practicing architect: Ernst Neufert, columnist of Architect’s Data, added frequently referred to as Neufert. [1] If the accent of an artist equals the admeasurement to which his assignment lives on in others, Neufert is the best important of the twentieth century. There is apparently no artist who has not acclimated Neufert, whether as a bookish apparatus or as a aggregate of references. It contains all the all-important advice to architectonics and assassinate works of architecture. Neufert is assuredly popular. As of 2016, it is in its forty-first German edition, has been translated into seventeen languages, and has awash over 500,000 copies. [2] 

Ernst Neufert’s activity maps carefully to the advance of the twentieth century. He was built-in on March 15, 1900, and his aboriginal job, as an amateur artist at the age of fourteen, coincided with the beginning of World War I. The year the war ended, he accelerating from the School of Architectonics in Weimar. Back the Bauhaus opened in 1919, he enrolled as one of its aboriginal acceptance and anon started to assignment for the architectural convenance of Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer. In 1926, at the acme of the Weimar Republic, he was fabricated arch of the architectonics administration at the Accompaniment Abstruse University of Architectonics and Civil Engineering (Staatliche Bauhochschule)—“the added Bauhaus.” 

Emigration to the US afterwards the Nazi takeover in 1933 would accept been the analytic abutting step. Neufert’s activity adventure ability again accept echoed abounding of his colleagues: accomplished in Germany, ascendance to distinction in the United States. Neufert did not emigrate. But alike his acutely nonconformist best to break in Germany was a anatomy of conformism—a abundantly apolitical act. The column he accustomed beneath the administration was that of citizen artist at the United Lusatia Glassworks (Vereinigte Lausitzer Glaswerke). Alike in agreement of his career choices, Neufert apparent what would become the basic absurdity of his life: an aberrant afterward of the norm. 

Neufert’s accord with Albert Speer began in 1938. For Speer, who was again Hitler’s accustomed architectonics ambassador for the Reich’s basic city, he formed on the categorization, standardization, and cause of Berlin’s residential buildings. [3] The standards he developed and answer were appropriately congenital into the Nazis’ architectonics plans, both at home and in active territories. [4] By 1944 Neufert was in allegation of planning the complete postwar about-face of Germany’s war-ravaged cities.

Unlike Speer, Neufert was never accused of accord with the Nazis or bedevilled of any wrongdoing. Technically, he did not actively participate in the Nazi war machine, and there is no almanac of affair membership. [5] For Neufert, it was as if the accomplished adventure never happened. Afterwards the war, he artlessly resumed his career as assistant of architectonics at Darmstadt University, and was appointed emeritus assistant in 1965. 

Neufert’s captivation in the acclimation of architectural ambit and architectonics practices, for which he is best known, started in 1926, back he began teaching at the Staatliche Bauhochschule in Weimar. Here, a compulsatory bore for new acceptance was Schnellentwerfen (fast design), which accustomed a complete bound time to advance architectural solutions to a accustomed brief. The bookish archive from 1929 declared the class: Schnellentwerfen (fast design), which accustomed a complete bound time to advance architectural solutions to a accustomed brief. The bookish archive from 1929 declared the class: 

The adviser of the advance speaks about the chic of barrio accustomed as “schools” and develops a alternation of economic, authoritative and spatial questions out of their pedagogical and animal acceptation that are based on examples of accomplished barrio from the period. Again the adviser selects a few almost focused tasks and develops the afterward affairs in accord with the audience: 

A new architectonics for the Bauhochschule is to be advised on a afresh visited architectonics site. Training workshops and residential studios are to be absorbed to it. The spatial requirements are accustomed to the students. Three hours of accelerated labor, then, the designs are collected. On the abutting morning, the adviser gain through the advised submissions on the epidiascope with specific issues in mind, and every artist charge altercate and avert his or her angle on an ad-lib basis. This is followed by a aciculate critique— aboriginal from one’s classmates, again from the instructor, aloof as one will afterwards accept to do back one becomes an artist and has to avert one’s account afore an complete builder. The architectonics is again reworked during one’s chargeless time over the afterward three weeks. [6] 

To accomplish the exercise as able as possible—this was, afterwards all, accumulation college education—students were provided with the exact aforementioned drafting tools. Neufert alike insisted that the studio’s desks, documents, and accumulator systems accommodate to the Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) 476 standard. [7]

The DIN 476 accustomed is bigger accustomed through the A alternation of cardboard formats. Appear in 1922 and set out by German artist Walter Porstmann, the arrangement is based on the metric arrangement (an A0 breadth has a apparent breadth of 1 aboveboard meter), with anchored accommodation (1:√2). These accustomed cardboard sizes accustomed for added ability in publishing and were aboriginal championed by the German War Ministry during World War I. [8] 

Neufert absolutely accustomed the access of the DIN 476 standards on his work, in his book’s aperture pages: “Standard [paper] formats aggregate the base for the ambit of appliance acclimated for autograph and almanac keeping. These are additionally basal of the ambit of spaces. Exact ability of accustomed [paper] formats is important for the builder.” [9[ Neufert’s afflicted acceptance in accustomed systems alike afflicted his book; unusually, it is the admeasurement of an A4 breadth of paper, authoritative assembly bargain and the book accessible to abundance and carry. Furthermore, the book engages with the angle of Existenzminimum, abnormally anecdotic methods of accomplishing able spatial planning and the use of movable, annoyed furniture, such as the Pullman bed.[10] The aboriginal copy of the book, appear in March 1936, awash out in a amount of weeks. 

The advertisement of Architect’s Abstracts in 1936 was the aerial point of Neufert’s long, ceaseless career. Its German title, Bauentwurfslehre, translates absolutely as “teachings on architectonics design,” added bull than the aloof Architect’s Data. The assignment is accompanying a handbook, a textbook, and a reference; it is a bookish argument rather than a bald athenaeum of data. An agnate of sorts, the Metric Handbook, was appear in 1968 for a British readership and according to United Kingdom standards, and has awash about 100,000 copies. [11] Possibly this was the catalyst for the English-language copy of Neufert’s tome, appear alone in 1970. 

Neufert’s aboriginal copy is disconnected into bristles sections: Arbeitsvorbereitung (Preparatory work), Entwurf (Design), Bauliche Einzelheiten (Construction details), Gestaltung und Bemessung der Umgebung, der Räume und Einrichtungen (Giving appearance and ambit to the environment, spaces, and calm furnishings), and Gebäudekunde (Building types). The book includes authoritative diagrams, recommended minimum abstracts for spaces, exact abstracts of standard-sized furnishings, and treatises on accustomed architectonics typologies such as dwellings (high-rise and low-rise), factories, schools, and appointment buildings. [12] The 2015 German copy runs to 594 pages. 

In 1943 Neufert appear a additional book, Bauordnungslehre, on account of Speer, who, in accession to actuality Hitler’s cloister architect, was by this time his abbot of accoutrements and war production. Often admired as a aftereffect to Bauentwurfslehre, it adopts a added burning accent against acclimation and rationalization, as analytical to complete war. Speer wrote: 

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Total War requires the absorption of all admiral in the architectonics industry as well. Thoroughgoing centralization, for the purpose of economizing abstruse admiral and architectonics accumulation assembly systems, is the prerequisite for convalescent productivity. . . . With this new order, one can hardly await on approximate admeasurement of architectonics apparatus and the aldermanic deliberations of accommodating accomplishment organizations. Rather, one charge authorize a architectonics adjustment in the broadest faculty of the word, with a close duke and with the accord of industry, in adjustment to affluence the assignment of the manufacturer, the planner, and the artist in according measure. And to accomplish adapted affiliation of architectonics components. Assistant Neufert dedicates himself to this important assignment as my Representative for Acclimation in the Architectonics Industry...

Neufert himself wrote:

During the Aboriginal World War, Normenlehre by Porstmann appeared, which is as accordant today as it was then. Afterwards the World War, the accustomed numbers were established, which as an overarching proportional arrangement uni ed the accommodation of alone standards. Since then, a complete ample abstract on standards has emerged which absolutely encompasses all abstruse areas save that of architectonics and construction. [13] 

Although acceptance of his account was advanced slowly, by the sixth copy of Introduction to DIN Standards, Neufert was accustomed a abounding two and a bisected pages to altercate his e orts to assimilate architecture. [14] He was already exploring new applications of his standardizing principles. 

During the war, Neufert began to focus on one of the humblest architectonics components: the brick. Like the A-series architecture for paper, Neufert’s ideal brick was based on the metric system: one beat should accommodate eight bricks, so Neufert alleged his assumption “the Octametric system.” Neufert’s brick sizes were all multiples of 12.5 centimeters, one-eighth of a meter. “The analytic accuracy of these brick abstracts will advice affluence difficulties associated with its accomplishing in annexed countries.” [15]

Neufert appear his recommendations on Octametric artery in 1941, a date that suggests adverse motives abaft the afflicted drive for standardization. Not alone did Hitler and Speer charge to clean German cities bound to accumulate up morale, but a connected architectonics arrangement was additionally capital because affected laborers, prisoners, and volunteers had no above-mentioned acquaintance in building, and the aboriginal two groups were doubtable of demolition and conceivably 30 to 40 percent beneath advantageous due to malnutrition, disease, and torture. Furthermore, with bastille and bondservant activity acclamation from all acreage active by the Reich, a connected architectonics arrangement would annihilate abundant miscommunication. [16] Neufert hoped that a accustomed filigree of 12.5 centimeters could be set for all architects and builders, in aftereffect standardizing architectonics itself. From 1941 the SS adopted Neufert’s Octametric arrangement in Poland and some of its furniture-production facilities. [17] Neufert wrote, “If a architectonics is planned according to the Octametric system, the architect alone needs an Octametric levelling rod in adjustment to adapt the complete building, the axial distances, windows, doors, posts, and partitions, on a accelerated and mistake-free basis.” [18] 

Neufert, about agitated he ability accept been by success, was not aloft self-correction. In the 1944 adaptation of Bauentwurfslehre—in a action agnate to Le Corbusier’s in developing his Modular Man—he retroactively adapted abstracts apropos to the animal anatomy to clothing his anew developed arrangement of proportions. For instance, the ideal accept acme was aloft from 143 to 150 centimeters alike admitting he kept the acme of the animal anatomy itself at 175 centimeters. [19] 

After the war, the arguable political agent of Neufert’s brick arrangement airish no barrier to its adoption. In 1950 his Octametric arrangement became an official DIN accustomed alleged “Dimensional Allocation in Architectonics Construction,” DIN 4172, which led to the decree of standard-sized windows, doors, kitchens, bathrooms, and alike beam heights. In 1952 DIN 152, the adapted version, was anointed in West German law: accompaniment subsidies for accessible apartment would be continued alone to builders who followed the norm. East Germany followed clothing a few years later. The norms were so affecting that alike a few years afterwards reunification, the alone artery accessible in Germany adhered to Neufert’s Octametric system. [20] 

Ernst Neufert formed against acclimation behindhand of affairs or regimes. His assignment was angry to no political ideology, save for its complete adherence to the ability of industry. He kept a advanced arrangement of collabora- tors throughout his life. His e orts were apolitical and, to some extent, amoral: he was a man who accustomed assignment on affairs to displace the Aryan citizenry in the anew baffled Eastern Europe, and a technocrat who would afterwards altercate for standardizing architectonics and the architectonics industry as a accomplished during the aboriginal years of West Germany’s Wirtschaftswunder. 

Tellingly, one artefact of his Octametric arrangement was the Z-Möbel, a mail-order capacity arrangement developed by a Bavarian wood-carver, Alfred Oskar Zwink (together with prisoners from the Dachau absorption camp), application Neufert’s spatial diktat. The cupboards were absolutely colloquial in appearance but could be accumulated afterwards any ability of carpentry. To Neufert, this accepted his standards did not appoint stylistic or brainy paradigms on those who followed them. [21] This was a man who, over the advance of his life, associated with the brand of Gropius, Antoni Gaudí, and Frank Lloyd Wright, as able-bodied as Albert Speer. It would seem, for the rational-above-all Ernst Neufert, that the end absolutely did absolve the means. 

For Neufert, the modular arrangement was as abundant about architectonics as about redefining spatial realities, whether they were arcadian or acquired from reality. British prime abbot Harold Macmillan alike declared modular allocation as “a way of cartoon Britain and the blow of Europe afterpiece together.” The European Abundance Agency advised modular systems in 1954, and the United Nations appear abundant letters extolling their advantages in 1962 and 1966. [22] 

But by the 1970s, with the “death of avant-garde architecture” in the cards, modularity had collapsed from adroitness as a practicality, a bald architectonics “method” for apartment the beggared or the aspirational upper-middle class. Walter’s Way was such an endeavor: an beginning and self-built clandestine apartment development in South London, accomplished in the 1980s by Walter Segal. [23] Back in 1964, accession Walter—Walter Gropius, architect of the Bauhaus—had advancing this bounce of modular architectonics techniques:

Genuine array afterwards boredom could accept been accomplished if we had taken greater absorption and access in the development and architectonics of . . . standardized, basic architectonics genitalia which could be accumulated into a advanced assortment of abode types. Instead, the abstraction of architecture was bedeviled by accomplishment firms who came up with the airless activity of mass-producing accomplished abode types instead of basic genitalia only. The consistent boredom added deepened the abhorrence of a nostalgic, sentimental, accidental accessible of a prefabricated future. [24] 

Neufert died in 1986 at the age of eighty-five, artlessly of old age, accepting lived almost a decade best than the boilerplate activity assumption at the time. Alone in afterlife did Neufert baffle the norm. But alike there, maybe he didn’t: his age absolutely angled the activity assumption of 1900, the year he was born. The complete breadth of his activity constitutes a absolute multiple—almost like the arrangement of accustomed cardboard sizes he promoted.

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A close address his name, Neufert Consulting GmbH, in the apple of Bergisch Gladbach aloof alfresco Cologne, carries on his work. In accession to bearing updates of Architect’s Data, the aggregation consults on animal resources, authoritative structures, and advice technology infrastructure. [25]

Neufert is everywhere. 

Four Walls and a Roof: The Complex Nature of a Simple Profession

Notes

Neufert’s congenital achievement remained acutely bashful over the advance of his lifetime in allegory with his added influence, and all his barrio were congenital in Germany. The ancient of these was the Abbeanum and apprentice abode in Jena, completed in 1930; in 1955 he congenital the Ledingenwohnheim flats in Darmstadt, and he completed the Quelle Mail Adjustment address in Nuremberg in 1958 and an Eternit branch in Leimen in 1960. In the advance of his residencies, Neufert contributed designs for assorted bearding barrio in automated complexes, but these accept not been recorded in history.

Architect’s Data,” (Wikipedia, aftermost afterlight November 15, 2016), https://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects'_Data.

“Bauleiter in Bauatelier Gropius, 1922–1925, Ernst Neufert,” 100 Jahre Bauhaus, https://www.bauhaus100.de/de/damals/koepfe/freunde/ernst-neufert/index.html. 

 Frank Zöllner, “Anthropomorphism: From Vitruvius to Neufert, from Animal Measurement to the Bore of Fascism,” in Images of the Anatomy in Architecture: Anthropology and Congenital Space, ed. Kirsten Wagner and Jasper Cepl (Tübingen: Ernst Wasmuth, 2014), 64, http://www.gko.uni-leipzig.de/ leadmin/user_upload /kunstgeschichte/pdf/zoellner/Publikationen/unselbst_Publi/Anthropomor phism_from-Vitruvius_to_Neufert.pdf.

Nader Vossoughian, “From A4 Cardboard to the Octametric Brick: Ernst Neufert and the Geopolitics of Standardisation in Nazi Germany,” Journal of Architectonics 20, no. 4 (2015): 692.

Nader Vossoughian, “Standardization Reconsidered: Normierung in and afterwards Ernst Neufert’s Bauentwurfslehre,” Grey Room 54 (Winter 2014): 41.

Ibid. 

Ibid., 38–39.

Vossoughian, “From A4 Cardboard to the Octametric Brick,” 684; Vossoughian, “Standardization Reconsidered,” 39.

Vossoughian, “Standardization Reconsidered,” 43–44.

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David Adler, beginning to Metric Handbook: Planning and Architectonics Data, 2nd ed., ed. David Adler, https://www.uop.edu.jo/download/research/members/[Archi tecture_Ebook]_Metric_Handbook_Planning_and_Design_Data.pdf ( aboriginal appear as AJ Metric Handbook, 1968).

Vossoughian, “Standardization Reconsidered,” 36.

Ibid., 45.

Ibid., 46

Vossoughian, “From A4 Cardboard to the Octametric Brick,” 688.

Ibid., 686.

Ibid., 688.

Ibid.

Ibid., 690.

Ibid., 692–694.

Ibid., 688.

Andrew L. Russell, “Modularity: An Interdisciplinary History of an Ordering Concept,” Advice and Culture 47, no. 3 (2012): 269, http://arussell.org/papers /47.3.russell.pdf.

Ibid., 270.

Ibid., 269.

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Neufert Consulting GmbH, http://www.neufert.de.

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