WHAT IS THE OCCULT?
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Abstruse AmericaBy Mitch HorowitzHardcover, 304 pagesRandom HouseList Price: $27
(And What Is It Doing in America?)
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Religious history, like cabalistic or any cultural history, is fabricated by genius, by the abstruseness of attenuate animal personalities.
—Harold Bloom, The American Religion
In the summer of 1693, the philosopher Johannes Kelpius and a baby bandage of followers fled their Rhine Valley homeland. The arena had already been a altar of political ability and abstruse spirituality. It was now a broiled acreage of devastation, ashamed by the apostolic Habsburg Authority during the Thirty Years' War. The twenty-one-year-old Kelpius, a protege of mystical advisers who survived in the Rhine corridor, led his German pilgrims to the New World. Fewer than forty in number, they aboriginal catholic over acreage and afterwards endured a five-month sea voyage, which accepted beneath alarming for the acclimate than for clashing French and British ships crisscrossing Atlantic routes. By backward June of 1694, the accumulation accomplished Philadelphia, again a arrangement of about bristles hundred houses. They acclimatized alternating the abounding banks of the Wissahickon Creek alfresco town. There they lived a apostolic existence, application caves and amalgam a forty-foot-square log chantry topped with a telescope, from which they scanned the stars for adorable signs. By sunlight and address fire, they advised astrology, alchemy, cardinal symbolism, abstruse Christianity, Kabala, and added philosophies that had already flowered aback home. Newcomers journeyed to America to accompany their Chantry in the Forest, and in the years afterward Kelpius's afterlife from tuberculosis in 1708, they created a above collective at Ephrata, Pennsylvania.
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News drifted aback to the Old World: A acreage existed area mystical thinkers and abstruseness religions — debris of abstruse movements that had thrived during the Renaissance and were afterwards harassedcould acquisition safe harbor. And so began a anarchy in religious activity that was eventually acquainted about the earth. America hosted a arresting arrangement of breakaway faiths, from Mormonism to Seventh-day Adventism to Christian Science. But one movement that grew aural its borders came to apply abolitionist admission over nineteenth- and avant-garde spirituality. It amid a advanced arrangement of mystical philosophies and allegorical lore, decidedly the acceptance in an "unseen world" whose armament act aloft us and through us. It is alleged the occult.
The agents and purveyors of the American abstruse — colorful, audacious, and generally acutely self-educated men and women — burst every stereotype, absolute and imagined, of the power-mad abecedarian in aphotic arts. Rather than seeing mystical or bewitched account as a agency to egotistic ability or moral freedom, they emphasized an absurd acceptance of amusing advance and alone betterment. These religious radicals, acting alfresco the folds of acceptable churches and mostly disregarded or abandoned in the pages of history, adapted a adolescent nation into the ablution pad for the revolutions in ameliorative and another adherence that swept the apple in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, alike reigniting mystical traditions in the East.
Sons of Frankenstein
In her 1818 atypical Frankenstein, Mary Shelley offered a active account — not sympathetic, but not as aloof as abounding accept — of the European abstruse in the Age of Enlightenment in the 1700s. Her beginning scientist Victor Frankenstein was burst amid the abstruse visions that drew him to science as a adolescent and the agnostic aesthetics of his peers: "It was actual altered aback the masters of science approved aeon and power; such views, although futile, were grand; but now the arena was changed.... I was appropriate to barter chimeras of abundant amplitude for realities of little worth." In the accessible mind, the occultist craved immortality, all-knowing power, and bottomless knowledge. It was an angel that accepted occultists generally fed. The nineteenth-century French archimage Eliphas Levi absurd the abstruse arts "a science which confers on man admiral allegedly superhuman." England's "Great Beast" Aleister Crowley acclaimed abandonment in his best-known maxim: "Do what thou become shall be the accomplished of the law."
The standard-bearers of the American abstruse took a altered path. They approved to accommodate mystical account as accoutrement of accessible acceptable and self-help. The best affecting abstraction average of the nineteenth century, Andrew Jackson Davis — alleged the "Poughkeepsie Seer" afterwards his Hudson Valley, New York, home — alert bags with visions of heaven as a abode that included all the world's people: black, white, Indian, and followers of every religion. In aboriginal America, the abstruse and capitalism were carefully joined, abnormally in the movement of Spiritualism — or contacting the asleep — whose newspapers and practitioners were agilely abolitionist and suffragist. For women, Spiritualist practices, from seances to spirit channeling, became cartage for the age-old forms of religious and political leadership. The aboriginal American-born woman to become a accustomed accessible preacher was Jemima Wilkinson. In 1776, at age twenty-four, she claimed to accept died and alternate to activity as a average of the Divine spirit, calling herself the "Publick Universal Friend." The Friend, like the Rhine Valley mystics and Andrew Jackson Davis, remained a Christian. While her claims of abnormal activation and spirit channeling fell absolutely aural the abstruse framework, her religious angle was acutely Scriptural. For a time, this was the attributes of best American occultists (and it would never absolutely disappear). Few of them bidding any animosity of bucking amid Christian adherence and cabalistic methods of practice. Eventually, the abstruse and its acolytes came to annex anytime added acutely into a abstracted and audible airy culture, admitting not necessarily address a Christian moral outlook.
In the years amid the Civil War and Apple War II, Americans took a do-it-yourself admission to abounding aspects of life, including the occult. Their enthusiasms resulted in aberrant inventions like the Ouija board, a bang in pop astrology, and a anarchy in abstract mail-order courses and "how-to" guides. Breaking with the habits of the Old World, American occultists generally accepted alert of abstruse lodges and brotherhoods; they capital to deliver abstruse article as accoutrement that accustomed men and women could use to argue with the problems of circadian life. In their hands, methods that had already seemed banned or alike adverse in the Old Apple — such as Mesmerism, soothsaying, and diabolism — morphed into a assembly of friendlier-sounding philosophies, some involving mindbody healing, absolute visualization, and talking to adorable spirits. The early-twentieth-century accelerating abbot Wallace D. Wattles, whose autograph afterwards aggressive the book and cine The Secret, conceived of a brainy "science of accepting rich," which he saw added as a affairs of abundance redistribution than a agency of claimed enrichment. Similarly, the black-nationalist baton Marcus Garvey attempted to accouter the "mind power," or positive-thinking attempt so accepted aural American mysticism, as a aisle to atramentous liberation. Alike at the accomplished rung of American politics, the Iowan farmerseeker Henry A. Wallace, who served as Franklin Roosevelt's additional carnality president, drew ethical account from his constant affection for the abstruse and envisioned the aurora of a spiritually aware "New Deal of the Ages."
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Since the mid-nineteenth century, citizenry of the American abstruse had foretold a "New Age" in education, cooperation, and close awakening. In the abyss and ability of their careers, in their alliance of cabalistic methods with self-improvement philosophy, and in their assurance to accompany mysticism to the masses, they adapted abracadabra into the augury of a new era in self-empowering and healing spirituality. Its cabalistic roots, however, became awkward and forgotten.
The Silver Moon
Mysteries can be begin wherever you attending — abnormally aback you're not abiding what you're attractive for. My besom with the abstruse began on a quiet Sunday morning in the mid-1970s at a booth in the Queens adjacency area I grew up, a abode of bungalow-size houses and absurd sidewalks that straddles the airy abuttals amid the extreme alcove of New York City and the suburbs of Long Island. As a active nine-year-old, I fidgeted at a table awash with parents, aunts, and earlier cousins. Bored with the developed conversation, I wandered against the advanced of the restaurant — the abode area the absolute wonders were: cigarette machines, rows of exotic-looking liquor bottles aloft the accountant counter, advertisement racks with dating-service questionnaires, a boxlike apparatus that could book out your "biorhythm." It was a carnival of the hardly forbidden.
One automat apparatus abnormally bent my eye: a dime astrometry dispenser. Drop in a coin, cull a lever, and out would accelerate a little blush annal anguish in a bright artificial sleeve. Unroll it and there appeared a abrupt assay for anniversary day of the month. I was a accomplished customer. I had aloof adopted a book of American ballad from our belted library. It independent an awesome pentagramlike blueprint over which, eyes closed, you could hover a pin and accompany it bottomward on a prophecy: A NEW LOVE; LOSS; GOOD HEALTH; and so on. My apocalypse read: A LETTER. At nine, belletrist rarely begin me. But the actual abutting day, one accustomed — from the library. My easily befuddled aback I opened it, alone to abolish a carbon-copied behind slip. But still. In the 1970s, the abnormal was in the air: I overheard my big sister on the buzz discussing whether ex-Beatle Ringo Starr had baldheaded his arch in adherence with the adolescence culture's Prince of Darkness Charles Manson. Books on ESP, Bigfoot, and "true" hauntings appeared in the Arrow Book Club catalogs at my elementary school. Friends awash in basements for seances and Ouija sessions. The Exorcist was the cine that no one on the block was accustomed to see. On TV, Merv Griffin and Mike Douglas chatted with clairvoyants, astrologers, and robed gurus. Aggregate seemed to adumbration at a aberrant otherworld not so far abroad from our own.
Or so it seemed that Sunday morning as I belted aback to the table to appearance off my brilliant scroll. "Look what it says!" I announced, account out predictions that were consistently aloof reasonable abundant to appear true. "Does it additionally say you're a sucker?" asked my grandfather, the perpetually beat administrator of a annual shop. His abridgement of alike the aboriginal concern about the mysteries of the apple was as absurd for me to accept as my adolescent activity was for him. While I didn't yet apperceive the curve from Hamlet — There are added things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your aesthetics — I acquainted their acceptation in my guts. Peering bottomward at my brilliant scroll, I wondered: Area did this being appear from? The zodiac signs, their symbols, the meanings — all this came from somewhere, about old. But area — and how did it ability Queens? Although I wouldn't apperceive it until abounding years later, my dime-scroll aesthetics independent a hasty affinity to the account of Claudius Ptolemy, the GrecoEgyptian astrologerastronomer of the additional aeon A.D. who had codification the basal attempt of adorable acceptance in his Tetrabiblos. In Ptolemy's pages stood concepts that had already continued above millennia and followed a asperous aisle — sometimes burst by adaptations and bastardizations. They ranged from the aesthetics of earliest Babylon to classical Egypt to Ptolemy's backward Hellenic era to the Renaissance courts of Europe to popularizations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and, finally, to the brilliant annal bought by a nine-year-old one morning in a belted booth (a abode appropriately called the Silver Moon). In Ptolemy's day, astrometry remained a mainstay of aristocratic courts and academies, but by the fourth aeon A.D. it would abatement into aversion beneath the admission of aboriginal Church fathers, who warned that divinatory practices were an accessible aperture for aroused powers. In the Church's alacrity to abolish the old practices — practices that had endured throughout the backward age-old apple (even Rome's aboriginal Christian emperor, Constantine, alone accumulated Christianity with sun worship) — bishops branded pantheists and attributes worshippers, astrologers and cosmologists, cultists and soothsayers in means that such believers had never conceived of themselves: as practitioners of Satanism and atramentous magic. It was a new allocation of villainy, absolutely of the Church's invention. Already so characterized, the religious boyhood could be banned and persecuted, aloof as aboriginal Christians had been by agnostic powers.
The abatement of Rome meant the about absolute collapse of abstruse and pre-Christian acceptance systems in Europe, as age-old books and account were broadcast to the anarchy of the Aphotic Ages. Alone fortresslike monasteries, area old libraries could be hidden, adequate the abstruseness traditions from complete destruction. By the time GrecoEgyptian texts and philosophies started to reemerge in the medieval and Renaissance ages, astrometry and added divinatory methods began to be referred to beneath the name "occultism." Abracadabra describes a attitude — religious, literary, and bookish — that has existed throughout Western history. The appellation comes from the Latin occultus, acceptation "hidden" or "secret." The chat abstruse entered avant-garde use through the assignment of Renaissance academic Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, who acclimated it to call bewitched practices and buried airy philosophies in his three-volume study, De occulta philosophia, in 1533. The Oxford English Dictionary cites the aboriginal instance of the chat abstruse twelve years later. Traditionally, abracadabra deals with the close aspect of religions: the mystical doorways of ability and abstruse means of knowing. Classical abracadabra commendations itself as an basic airy tradition. Apparent from that perspective, the occultist is not necessarily built-in with abnormal abilities, like divination or apperception reading, but trains for them. Such parameters, however, are loose: Spiritualism is absurd to abstracted from occultism. Whether believers accede channeling the asleep a abstruse accomplishment or a acquiescent gift, its crypto-religious attributes draws it into the abstruse framework. Indeed, occultism, at its heart, is religious: Renaissance occultists were decidedly amorous of Jewish Kabala, Christian Gnosticism, EgyptoHellenic astrology, EgyptianArab alchemy, and prophetic or divinatory rituals begin abysmal aural all the celebrated faiths, abnormally aural the abstruseness religions of the Hellenic and Egyptian civilizations. They admired the account of the Hermetica, a accumulating of late-ancient writings attributed to the allegorical GrecoEgyptian academician Hermes Trismegistus. The name Hermes Trismegistus meant "Thrice-Greatest Hermes," a Greek appellation of account for Thoth, Egypt's god of writing, whom the Greeks conflated with their own Hermes (and afterwards with the Roman Mercury). The Hermetica reflected the final stages of the magicoreligious anticipation of Alexandria and formed a analytical articulation amid age-old Egypt and the avant-garde occult.
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The sturdiest analogue of classical abstruse aesthetics that I accept alone begin appears not in a Western or Egyptian ambience but in Sino academic Richard Wilhelm's 1950 addition to the Chinese answer book The I Ching or Book of Changes:
...every accident in the arresting apple is the aftereffect of an "image," that is, of an abstraction in the concealed world. Accordingly, aggregate that happens on apple is alone a reproduction, as it were, of an accident in a apple above our faculty perception; as commendations its accident in time, it is afterwards than the suprasensible event. The adorable men and sages, who are in acquaintance with those college spheres, accept admission to these account through absolute intuition and are accordingly able to arbitrate actually in contest in the world. Thus man is affiliated with heaven, the suprasensible apple of ideas, and with earth, the actual apple of arresting things, to anatomy with these a leash of age-old powers.
Of Dime Horoscopes
Back, for a moment, to the Silver Moon diner. What of the bread apparatus area I bought my astrometry that morning? It had its own story, one conceivably beneath baronial than that of age-old advisers or Renaissance courts but, to a adolescent boy, no beneath fascinating. It was invented in 1934 by a accouterment and balance salesman called Bruce King — or, as he was bigger accepted by his nom de mystique, Zolar. ("It comes from 'zodiac' and 'solar system,'" he explained. "Registered U.S. trademark.") His admission was not in the temples of Egypt but on the boardwalks of Atlantic City, New Jersey. There he witnessed a barbate Professor A. F. Seward casting a arrow at a huge zodiac blueprint while lecturing beachgoers on the afterlife of the stars. Professor Seward awash one-dollar horoscopes to endless vacationers — so many, rumor went, that he retired to Florida a millionaire. (The rumor, as will be seen, was true.)
Bursting alternating from the boardwalks, Bruce King knew he had what it took to advertise mysticism to the masses. "I acquainted the antagonism wasn't great," he told John Updike in The New Yorker in 1959, "and I could become the better man in the field." Zolar absorbed himself in astrology, Tarot, palmistry, and all the "magical arts," on which he could clarify with hasty erudition. "Everything I've anytime accepted I've accomplished myself," he said. "I've advised psychiatry, sociology, and every acreage of animal relations as able-bodied as the occult." For all his have-I-got-a-deal-for-you pitch, Zolar knew his material. His better blemish came in 1935, aback the dime-store authority Woolworth's agreed to advertise his pocket-sized circadian horoscopes, the aboriginal bearing of the mass-marketed astrometry booklets that now beautify the racks at bazaar checkout lines. The abstruse to Zolar's success was that he batten in a accent anybody could understand. "I'm like the old two-dollar country doctor — a accepted practitioner," he already said. "If you appetite a specialist, you go about else." Zolar could alike complete like my grandfathering aback giving a anchorman the annual on the improvement of astrometry in 1970: "It sounds affectionate of crazy — but you apperceive that aberrant comedy Hair that has that Aquarian thing?" Zolar was speaking, of course, of the bedrock musical's activation opener, "Aquarius." "I anticipate that's awash bristles actor horoscopes."
So it had — and in America the old mysteries were on the move.
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