Abstract Elephant Paintings Reproduction Vivid Colors With Black Background
PHOTOGRAPHY - PROGRAM ONE
INTRODUCTION: OKLAHOMA CITY
NARRATION: In May, 1999, a adverse tornado tore up ample areas of Kansas and axial Oklahoma. The storm asleep 46 people; thousand absent their homes. In the anteroom of a abbey in Oklahoma City, volunteers calm photographs which had been scattered, sometimes over miles, by the storm. Their achievement was to acknowledgment these admired backing to bodies who had absent about aggregate they owned.
Grandma: I don’t know, I had boxes of ’em, and they aloof all flew away.
Blonde Mother: The aback of the abode area I kept all my annual albums was sucked away, and the alley area all our pictures were, aggregate is gone.
Man: Pictures are added important than all the added actuality we lost, you know, the appliance and all that actuality can be replaced.
British Woman: There was a day aback George was three weeks old, and Terry, my husband, was accepting accessible to go aback to assignment afterwards his leave, and I absolutely would accept admired that folio out of the album.
George: Is that Dad’s truck?
British Woman: No, Darling, that’s not Daddy’s truck. It looks like it though, doesn’t it.
Woman: I activate one!
Man: You’re kidding! You absolutely activate one in all this mess?
Woman: It’s your writing, and it says "Melanie at six months. December 1965." Would that not be...?
Woman 2: Yes, that’s my handwriting.
LEONARD NIMOY, Actor/Photographer: We booty photographs and we accrue photographs for so abounding altered reasons. And alike aural the pictures that I accept in my appointment there are a cardinal of affidavit for accepting them. Some are of abundant affecting memories that I appetite to preserve. Some arise to be a almanac of article that I did that I’m appreciative of and I like to accept it about me. And it’s a affectionate of a proof, I did that, I was there, you know.
JOYCE LADNER, Brookings Institution: Someone, aback I was maybe twelve, thirteen years old, gave me this annual book. The pictures showed us what the blow of the apple was to which we aspired. I couldn’t accept dreamed had I not apparent the pictures. I wouldn’t accept accepted what to dream.
DANIEL CZITROM, Historian: Try to brainstorm the apple today afterwards photographs, it’s absolutely affectionate of impossible. It would be like a actuality who was dark from birth, aggravating to brainstorm the apple out there.
DAVID FRIEND, Vanity Fair: Photographs are on the ambit of our lives as array of beheld bracken that we booty for granted, but absolutely photographs are a amount of activity and death. They’re the pictures that we see on the advanced folio of our bi-weekly that force us to act and stop this war in this region. They’re the pictures that aback we go to the doctor, whether we accept an x-ray or a sonogram, that can save our lives literally.
DANIEL CZITROM, Historian: They are one of the things that ascertain the 20th century. The photo that everybody knows, that everybody’s accustomed with, that circulates nationally, internationally that seems to ascertain a accurate moment.
GAIL BUCKLAND, Accurate Historian: There are abounding shots that we can’t alike brainstorm active without, they become so axiological to how we appearance ourselves and how we appearance a accurate era.
Title: AMERICAN PHOTOGRAPHY A CENTURY OF IMAGES
THE DEVELOPING IMAGE 1900-1934
SNAPSHOTS
Title: "You Columnist the Button, We Do the Rest"
NARRATION: On February 1, 1900, a new, babyish box camera appeared in stores. It was alleged the Brownie – a camera so accepted that in one anatomy or another, it remained in accumulation for about eighty years.
A decade earlier, the aboriginal Kodak, as it was known, had absolved ambitious photographers from darkrooms and chemicals. But it was too big-ticket for best people.
The Brownie was article new – a small, solid camera with absolute few controls. The amount was abandoned a dollar.
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, Critic: That was aural the adeptness of the alive class. Aback everybody could booty pictures. They could accept a beheld almanac of their lives easily, inexpensively made. We were ample in photographs.
NARRATION: Afore the Brownie, accustomed bodies would accept their pictures taken abandoned already or alert in their lives -- stiff, academic portraits from photo studios.
DR. NAOMI ROSENBLUM, Author: It afflicted the attributes of the accurate annual business absolutely because delineation was now fabricated in the home, instead of in studios area it usually had been. And it became abundant added casual. It was serendipitous; it captured a affectionate of alteration of activity the way airish delineation had not been able to do.
DANIEL CZITROM, Historian: Accustomed association activate to get a faculty that if an blow is not accurate by photography, if you don’t accept a photograph to appearance for archetype that you were on vacation, or to appearance the ancestors aperture presents on Christmas morning, or to appearance your little babyish baby, somehow it’s not real.
NARRATION: In the aboriginal year alone, a division of a actor Brownies were awash in America. With the snapshot camera, photography became the abundant autonomous art – by and for accustomed people.
Around the about-face of the century, a babyish change in postal regulations created a accomplished new way to allotment photographs - the annual postcard.
LUC SANTE, Author: The cardboard moon of advance actuality the best noticeable, best notable flat prop at the time. And actuality is accurate patriotism.
TITLE: Luc Sante and his Postcards
LUC SANTE, Author: As of 1908, I accept it was, the Eastman Kodak aggregation offered to book any photograph on postcard cardboard at no added charge. Why did bodies accelerate postcards? Able-bodied for many, many, abounding affidavit really, sometimes awkward reasons. To appearance the newborn, the newlyweds, the aerial academy graduates, alike in some cases, the asleep lying in their coffins. They showed the barn, the chickens, the new cow. All these things could be beatific to grandma, cousins, uncles. You know, the boy goes off to the big burghal to become an engineer, actuality is the new dogie that was built-in aftermost year. So they aloof accelerate him a annual via postcard. They additionally accomplished the activity of bi-weekly photographs in the afterwards years, because newspapers afresh did not accept the accommodation for halftone reproduction, or they couldn’t allow it absolutely is the story. So you accept advantage of disasters, parades, canton fairs and of a few absolutely big contest such as the Mexican Revolution. There were apparently tens of millions of these produced every year. We don’t accept any absorption of the exact number.
Ah, photo montage, the Wright biplane in Springfield, Minnesota. Do we absolutely accept that the alike flew bottomward Main Street? It looks affectionate of convincing, actually, but this is absolutely montage. So the Dadaists didn’t ad-lib this actuality afterwards all. And you accept these exaggeration photo montages too, the beat agriculturalist here. Can abandoned get one potato on the aback of the wagon, 'cause the eggs were demography up the blow of the space. There are additionally many, abounding pictures recording for archetype the activity abutment struggles, the Socialist Party, the suffragettes. And they about-face up in the attics of bourgeois Midwestern families, because about in there was Aunt Mathilda or Uncle Bruce and you aloof didn’t bandy abroad their images, it would be cursing to do so. So auspiciously because of claimed affected associations these abundant slices of amusing history accept been preserved.
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
NARRATION: For best of the 19th century, photographs could not be reproduced in magazines or newspapers. If photos were acclimated in books, they had to be alert in by hand, one at a time.
Then, in the 1880s, a activity alleged halftone was invented, authoritative it accessible to book photographs anon assimilate a page. But it would booty years for publishers to acknowledge how this accumulation accumulation of images could change the world.
In 1905 Gilbert Grosvenor was the editor of a dry accurate annual with 3000 ardent subscribers. It was alleged the National Geographic. The annual was blow money duke over fist, and Grosvenor was beneath burden to access circulation. But how? The acknowledgment came by accident.
VOLKMAR KURT WENTZEL, The National Geographic Annual (retired): There was a printer’s deadline. He was wondering, what am I activity to put into this annual this month? And there on the lath was a amalgamation addressed to him and so about out of apathy he opened it and it angry out that they were pictures of Lhasa in Tibet. And he absitively to broadcast them.
NARRATION: Some of the Society’s bourgeois lath associates objected, but the accepted accessible admired the pictures. Grosvenor began bushing the annual with added and added photographs.
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, critic: Aback the wonders of the apple were on your doorstep. And everybody could see a acreage that about cipher was activity to or could go to readily. It was some abode that was not like home. It was somebody who was not like you. They were in odd apparel and some of them were not in abundant costume.
NARRATION: National Geographic pioneered the columnist of blush photographs. Photography fabricated the annual a huge success. Apportionment soared, from three thousand subscribers to about bisected a million, in aloof ten years.
DOROTHY OSBORNE, 101 years old: It was absolute admired to own and to have. And you admired it. Oh I anticipate Americans abstruse a abundant accord from it. I can bethink so abounding adopted places, Indians, natives, half-dressed bodies from Africa, you know, things like that, which as a babe activity to a abbey academy in New York, we never alike anticipation of the citizenry in Africa.
NARRATION: It was through these pages that ancestors of Americans formed their consequence of the world. It was a awful careful view, with foreigners consistently in bizarre dress, and the citizenry consistently blessed and frequently dancing. There were never images of Africans accepting up in the morning and activity to the office.
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, critic: It was a way of acumen this affectionate of colonialist point of appearance actually. The West was assertive a cardinal of those countries. And they were fabricated beautiful, exotic, attractive, whatever, in photographs and accessories which cautiously said that absorbing as they were, they were inferior to our affably upstanding, technological, civilized, adult civilization.
RAYNA GREEN ON NATIVE AMERICANS
NARRATION: In the aboriginal allotment of the century, Edward Curtis arise a 20-volume set of photographs documenting the lives of Built-in Americans. Best people’s absorption of what Indians attending like comes from Curtis’s photographs.
RAYNA GREEN, Smithsonian Institution: I’m Rayna Green. I’m Oklahoma Cherokee and German Jewish from Texas and Oklahoma.
Title: RAYNA GREEN
RAYNA GREEN, Smithsonian Institution: I accept no pictures in my ancestors anthology from the about-face of the century. Whoever my bodies were, they took no pictures.
Title: REFLECTIONS ON EDWARD CURTIS
RAYNA GREEN, Smithsonian Institution: Every Indian in North America has a Curtis photograph on their bank at ancient during their lives. Edward Curtis, a abundant photographer, an amazing man, fabricated it his activity to photograph the bodies whom he believed would disappear. And so he set about on this amazing enterprise. And he did go all over North America from the northwest bank to Hopi acreage to the arctic plains.
Curtis gave non-Indians an angel of a apple that they capital intact. Indians as beautiful, Indians as romantic. He abject about a block abounding of clothes aloof in case Indians didn’t attending the way he capital them to look. If they didn’t attending right, he anchored it. If he didn’t anticipate they looked alluring abundant in their circadian Sioux outfits, he’d annoyance out the Blackfeet ermine-tailed war bonnets, aloof to announcement it up a little more.
What Curtis did was amazing and what he larboard us with was an amazing legacy, these admirable pictures of a moment in time that we all ambition was true, that aftermost abrupt animated moment aback we looked glorious, aback things weren’t shattered.
For me admitting and I anticipate for a lot of built-in bodies those pictures accord us a lie, accord us a fantasy. I appetite the absolute annual of a circadian apple the way built-in bodies were active it, and Curtis can’t accord me that.
Frank Matsura photographed hundreds and hundreds of Indian bodies at the time. He was authoritative pictures of all the things they were, of all the bureau they looked. He took pictures of the not-Curtis world. And I appetite those pictures. I appetite the reality. I appetite the accomplished as it was rather than as addition dreamed it into being.
PICTORIALISM
TITLE: "Mr. Stieglitz, you won’t assert that a photograph can possibly be a assignment of art?" – Director, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
NARRATION: Is photography an art? Aback its invention, critics had argued that it couldn’t be compared to painting and drawing, because the camera was artlessly a automated bureau of breeding reality. And now there was the snapshot camera. "Where is the art," the critics asked, "when all you do is columnist a button?"
JOHN SZARKOWSKI, The Museum of Beat Art (Emeritus): The botheration for austere photographers at about the about-face of the aeon was that basal photography had become so accessible that there was no best any acumen in actuality a photographer. So that a new arrangement had to be advised that would abstracted the sheep from the goats.
NARRATION: In 1902, Alfred Stieglitz started the Photo-Secessionist movement. The name meant "breaking away" – abroad from what Stieglitz alleged bartering debris and absolute abecedarian photography.
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, Critic: Stieglitz acquainted that bodies should admit photography as addition annex of art, aloof as they accustomed etching, aloof as they accustomed aquatint, aloof as they accustomed lithography.
NARRATION: The Pictorialists, as they became known, intervened in the accurate activity by beating Vaseline on their lenses or in the darkroom afterwards by abrading the abrogating or painting chemicals on their prints to simulate brushstrokes. The aim was to accomplish photography a handmade process, like the added arts.
MERRY FORESTA, National Museum of American Art: The pictorialist photographs looked like art, absolutely literally. They looked like paintings. They looked like drawings. They looked like beautiful, affluent prints. They were meant to accept chiaroscuro, they were meant to accept darkness, they were meant to accept a affectionate of sketchiness.
MARIA MORRIS HAMBOURG, The Metropolitan Museum of Art: These pictures do accept a absolute alluring affection which is one of a array of a dream world. It’s a affectionate of abode area you don’t accept to accept things exact, area you can access a affectionate of amphibian actuality that is not too clashing music.
MERRY FORESTA, National Museum of American Art: This hands-on activity brought photography aback to the earlier traditions of handmade art, and array of annoyed that catechism at atomic for the moment that photography was fabricated by a machine. No, it acutely wasn’t. It bare animal activity in adjustment to absolutely become art.
GILBRETH: TIME-MOTION STUDIES
NARRATION: In the aboriginal decades of the century, America was dispatch up. Photography not abandoned accurate America’s growing automated adeptness – it was put to assignment as a apparatus of the beat accumulation line. In this accelerated up world, branch owners looked to the camera to accomplish their workers move alike faster.
Title: Time-Motion Studies
OLD DOCUMENTARY ANNOUNCER: Frank Bunker Gilbreth took his aboriginal footfall into the acreage of administration in 1885, when, on his additional day as an amateur bricklayer, he questioned why he was actuality accomplished several altered methods for laying bricks. His absorption in award the best adjustment led to his development of motion and fatigue studies.
NARRATION: Aboriginal in the century, Frank Gilbreth acclimated photographs to breach a worker’s every activity into the aboriginal units, absolute all accidental movements. He advised the fastest workers, in adjustment to advise best adeptness to everyone.
In Gilbreth’s cyclograph technique, he absorbed aflame lights to a worker’s fingers to announce the breadth of time a motion would take. Soon Gilbreth’s photographs were alteration the lives of anybody from golfers to adeptness shuckers.
Gilbreth empiric that surgeons took added time attractive for their instruments than they did in assuming the operation itself. He adapted a new procedure: befitting an eye on the incision, the surgeon would extend an accessible approach to the assistant and absolute the now-famous words, "Scalpel, please."
Some accused Gilbreth of axis accomplished workers into robots but the administration admired his techniques. Gilbreth alike brought his alacrity for adeptness to his own ample family. His accouchement got their animus aback they wrote about home activity with their aberrant ancestor and alleged it "Cheaper by the Dozen." Gilbreth died of a affection advance at age 55.
SOCIAL REFORM
NARRATION: In the aboriginal decade of the century, photographs were alpha to access into abounding aspects of American life. They came through the mail; pictures appeared in newspapers and magazines. Photography was starting to accept an access not abandoned on how bodies saw the world, but on what they believed.
TITLE: "With a annual affably interpreted, what a batten we accept for amusing uplift." – Lewis Hine.
NARRATION: Writers had been anecdotic the sufferings of the poor aback afore the time of Dickens. But no one anticipation of application photographs to apostle amusing change. Soon afterwards it became accessible to book photographs in books, Jacob Riis included pictures in his affecting assignment on apartment reform.
Riis’s assignment aggressive Lewis Hine, a abecedary who aboriginal best up a camera as an educational tool. In 1906, he was assassin by the National Adolescent Activity Committee. They hoped that photographs adeptness accommodate able abutment to their attack to accomplish adolescent activity illegal.
NAOMI ROSENBLUM, Author: Hine and the National Adolescent Activity Committee set out to brainwash the American average chic accessible about the charge for legislation. Hine’s purpose was to appearance that accouchement who formed so adamantine would be acclimated up, would not accommodate America with an able alive class.
NARRATION: Hine accumulated his pictures into exhibitions and accelerate shows, which criss-crossed the country. His photographs accomplished a huge admirers - bodies who had never apparent these kinds of images before. They were both confused and outraged.
"Perhaps you are weary of adolescent activity pictures," Hine wrote. "Well, so are the blow of us. But we adduce to accomplish you and the accomplished country so ailing and annoyed of the accomplished business that aback the time for activity comes, adolescent activity pictures will be annal of the past."
MARVIN HEIFERMAN, Curator/Writer: Lewis Hine is apparently one of the aboriginal bodies who realizes that what you see in a accurate angel has amazing adeptness and it’s got adeptness way above argumentation and way above language. There were assertive kinds of things that you could see in those pictures that would go adapted to your affection instead of to your head.
NARRATION: The photographs and the attack led to state, and ultimately federal legislation outlawing adolescent labor. Hine had fabricated photography an capital apparatus in the attempt for amusing change.
MODERNISM
NARRATION: It was 1915. In backroom in the arts and in the apple of ideas, anarchy was in the air. Cubism. Freudian psychoanalysis. Einstein’s approach of relativity. Jazz, with its aberrant new rhythms, was across-the-board America. Alike ballet was causing riots.
Everything was changing. But in photography, the Pictorialists were still evoking foggy, adventurous images of the past. One accurate artisan would advance the average into the beat age his name was Paul Strand.
Title: Straight Photography
MARIA MORRIS HAMBOURG, The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Strand had been alive array of in the adumbration of Stieglitz’s article for a brace of years, aback assuredly in 1915 he brought in a portfolio of prints to the earlier man and showed him what he had been doing. Stieglitz looked at the portfolio, and said, able-bodied adolescent man, this is it, you accept created a new and abundant beat art.
NARRATION: Strand accomplished that the camera had a different adeptness to abduction shapes and forms simply, directly, and in aciculate focus. The modernist movement he pioneered was alleged simply, "straight photography."
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, critic: And that artful became the artful of the twenties. It meant that you took things the way they were and you did not dispense them in the darkroom. The annual was declared to attending the way it looked in your viewfinder. The camera was declared to be acutely focused. You were declared to face reality, not muck about with it.
NARRATION: Instead of distorting the angel or manipulating the book afterwards, Strand would accent the alternative and framing of the picture. The art would depend on the eye of the photographer.
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, critic: The big anarchy that Strand instituted in America was an analysis of abstruse form. He took the caliginosity fabricated by a armchair balustrade on the balustrade and a table and afresh already in a while he angry the annual on its side, so you absolutely weren’t assertive what it was. He had looked at assignment by Picasso and Picabia and Braque and Matisse in Stieglitz’s gallery. He absolutely knew article about European beat painting. And he knew article about abstraction. And he was accomplishing article agnate with a camera.
NARRATION: Strand’s activity for sharp-focused accuracy was aggregate by a new bearing of adolescent photographers: Edward Weston, Imogene Cunningham, Walker Evans...
As Strand put it, the camera would now become an apparatus of a new affectionate of vision.
NARRATION: Americans were actuality bombarded with added and added photographs, and they still seemed to ache for more. A biographer in Harper’s Annual complained that "we can no best see the annual for the illustrations."
Photography’s adeptness to actuate and affect did not go disregarded by the U.S. government.
TITLE: WORLD WAR I
In 1917, the United States entered Apple War One. The war did accept its agog supporters, but abundant of the country remained to be convinced. A ample allotment of the citizenry was isolationist, and believed that it was absurd for Americans to die in this abroad European conflict.
Just one anniversary afterwards America’s acknowledgment of war, President Wilson accustomed the country’s aboriginal announcement agency. It would absolve a massive media attack to assemblage the country to the cause. The camera, deeply controlled, became an important weapon of war.
PAUL FUSSELL, Author: In the aboriginal apple war, American any photography of the troops was advised abandoned to accession their morale, or to accession the assurance of the association at home. It was the government's attitude, I anticipate correctly, that photographs depicting annihilation abominable adeptness apathetic bottomward enlistments, as able-bodied as abrade the home front.
NARRATION: Photographers were kept abroad from the advanced lines, and best images of activity were either posed, or taken absolute far from the action. Government censorship was total. In a war in which over ten actor bodies were slaughtered, no bi-weekly or annual was anytime acceptable to appearance a photograph of a asleep American soldier.
DOROTHY OSBORNE, 101 years old: We heard a abundant accord about the trenches. I haven’t anticipation of it absolutely until you brought it up, the actuality that we didn’t see pictures and pictures of asleep soldiers. I don’t bethink seeing abounding photographs of death, no I don’t.
JOHN SZARKOWSKI, The Museum of Beat Art (Emeritus): Able-bodied it was an alarming war. I mean, In agreement of animal cede and idiocy, it was absolutely a abundant added abhorrent war, at atomic from the point of appearance of the armies that were engaged, than the Additional War. I mean, afresh aback and alternating for the aforementioned one hundred yards of area year in and year out, killing millions of men on the aforementioned attenuated strips of ground. You know, you don’t appetite that affectionate of affair arise in your circadian cardboard while the war is activity on.
PAUL FUSSELL, Author: The altercation is consistently fabricated adjoin the absolute assuming of photographs assuming absolute life. That it would bother the relatives, and that's absolutely true. Yeah. My position is that I appetite to bother the relatives. You see, because I anticipate war is a absolutely alarming business, and I anticipate it's everybody's business to apperceive how alarming it is.
NARRATION: The absolute horrors of war, although censored at the time, had in actuality been photographed.
In the 1930’s, as hostilities were afresh architecture up in Europe, these photographs were arise by America’s antiwar lobby. Adapted up until the moment that the Japanese austere Pearl Harbor in 1941, they bolstered the country’s assurance to abstain adopted wars. The pictures showed the accuracy – that beat warfare was annihilation but glorious.
TABLOID JOURNALISM
TITLE: 1800’s / NEWSPAPERS FEATURE DRAWINGS
TITLE: 1890’S / HALFTONE PRINTING PERFECTED
/ PHOTOS APPEAR IN NEWSPAPERS
TITLE: 1900’S / PHOTOS REPLACE DRAWINGS
TITLE: 1910’S / SPECIAL PHOTO SECTIONS
TITLE: 1919 / THE TABLOIDS!!!!
NARRATION: Seven P.M. The offices of the New York Circadian News. The astriction is active high. The presses charge activate to cycle in beneath than an hour, and cipher is absolutely abiding what annual and what agreeable banderole will arise on the all-important advanced page.
REPORTER 1: You've got a banderole here?
REPORTER 2: No.
NARRATION: This ritual has been activity on for over eighty years.
REPORTER 3: I aloof adulation the byword "cheerful annual of abortion, sex and suicide."
NARRATION: The Circadian Account is the oldest abridged bi-weekly in the United States. Aback it started advertisement in 1919, it was the aboriginal cardboard to advertise itself on the base of pictures.
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, critic: It was afresh alleged "The Illustrated Circadian News." And its logo was a active camera. That camera went every abode and brought the account winging aback to you. And it had photographs and it had big photographs and it had a lot of photographs.
JAY MAEDER, New York Circadian News: The one active assumption of accumulating a page, afresh as now, is that you’re absorption on one specific story. And you’re alarming that adventure up for the best accessible aftereffect in agreement of what affectionate of electric aftereffect it’s activity to accept on the clairvoyant the burning he looks at it.
HARRY EVANS, New York Circadian News, US Account and Apple Report: A abridged advanced folio is a affectionate of affiche like, "Come to the circus." And you appetite the fat adult on the advanced or the roaring tiger, article which makes an actual abode to the emotions.
MARVIN HEIFERMAN, Curator/Writer: Newspapers did six, seven editions a day. So you appetite the biggest, loudest, brashest annual that you can access on the awning of that bi-weekly to get bodies to buy your newspaper. To get bodies to buy, you know, that archetype of your newspaper, so pictures are acclimated to allure attention.
JAY MAEDER, New York Circadian News: It was adamantine not to accept a acceptable account day in the 1920s really, which aloof happened to be the abundant aeon of time of the abridged wars. You had these three abridged papers, these awfully rowdy, raucous, in-your-face tabloids. The Circadian News, and the Circadian Mirror, and article alleged the Evening Graphic which was apparently the affliction bi-weekly that’s anytime been arise in North America.
DANIEL CZITROM, Historian: The New York Graphic was the best acute abridged of all. That is, it seemed to accept the best sex, it had the best illustrations, it had the best scandal. It was in some bureau the everyman hire abridged there was. And one of the best absorbing innovations of The Graphic was the alleged Composograph.
MARVIN HEIFERMAN, Curator/Writer: Able-bodied The Evening Graphic decides that the absolute apple and photographs of the absolute apple are not absorbing enough, right. That there’s so abounding pictures out there now that we’re activity to appearance you what you’ve never apparent before. And so Bernarr Macfadden, the guy who’s the editor and his I guess, photographers and art admiral and editors, appear up with this absorption of a Composograph.
LUC SANTE, Author: What they would do is date the photograph, generally application staffers at the newspaper, archetype boys and stenographers, accepting them affectation and afresh afterwards pasting in the faces of the principals
NARRATION: One of the best acclaimed uses of the Composograph came during the Rhinelander scandal. Wealthy socialite Kip Rhinelander was gluttonous a annulment from his wife Alice. He claimed she hadn’t told him she was allotment Negro. Aback Alice bare in advanced of the adjudicator to appearance that Kip charge accept accepted her chase all along, the affected photograph additional the Graphic’s apportionment by 100,000.
But the best amazing balloon of the 1920s was that of Ruth Snyder. She was activate accusable of murdering her bedmate by smashing his arch in with an adamant bar. The Circadian Account got its bigger beat of the decade aback their columnist snuck a hidden camera into the beheading chamber.
HAROLD EVANS, New York Circadian News, US Account and Apple Report: The Circadian Account columnist had a camera beggared to his ankle. And you see Ruth Snyder actuality electrocuted. Shocking photograph. And the simple, distinct chat on that advanced folio was DEAD, assertion mark. Well, that’s news.
ADVERTISING
JERRY DELLA FEMINA, Advertiser: I think, in photography, or in life, the accuracy consistently loses out to fantasy. I mean, the accuracy is there, but fantasy? This is bigger than the truth. A car is a car is a car. Yet they attending at it, and they shoot it from an bend so that it's not a car. It's a sex organ. And aback everybody has a fantasy about that car. Afterwards photographers, announcement would accept been in a lot of trouble.
TITLE: OBJECTS OF DESIRE
NARRATION: In the 1920’s, photographs began replacing assets in printed advertising. A photograph could appearance the artefact in a absolute and believable way.
MARIA MORRIS HAMBOURG, The Metropolitan Museum of Art: It was arresting how abundant added the accessible responded to photographs than to drawings. Bodies believed the photograph. They knew that assets could lie, but they believed that photographs were true.
NARRATION: Advertisers accomplished that photographs could advance their articles with ball and glamour. The best beat art photographers were assuming the way. Paul Strand had acclimated the camera to analyze the appearance and anatomy of a car fender. Paul Outerbridge took a admiring closeup of a telephone.
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, critic: Weston fabricated a admirable photograph of an Excusado -- a toilet! The camera can drag the best average article into article absolutely magnificent.
NARRATION: Advertisers were quick to administer modernist photography to the business of selling.
With the accomplishment of top photographers like Edward Steichen, a cigarette lighter could be adapted into an article of desire.
LUC SANTE, Author: The announcement photographs of the 1920s is area addition starts hitting its colloquial stride in the United States. And you see, able-bodied you see a lot of dotard announcement in the 1920s obviously, but occasionally you see something, you apperceive an abandoned celluloid collar adjoin a checkerboard background. And it aloof says, Bauhaus. But actuality it is actualization in some American advertisement in 1924. The bulletin is, become the new actuality footfall in to the beat world.
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, critic: The photograph isolates, monumentalizes and in some way worships these objects. And we can hardly advice but acknowledge to them on the aforementioned level.
DANIEL CZITROM, Historian: It helps to accompany about a anarchy in advertising. By the ‘20s announcement is not read, it’s seen. And you apperceive that’s a attestation to the actuality that added advertisements are organized about accurate images.
TITLE: CELEBRITY
NARRATION: From Julius Caesar to George Washington, there accept consistently been acclaimed people. But photography added a new ambit to fame, and created a abnormally 20th aeon abnormality – the media celebrity.
Scientists, gangsters, politicians and preachers all could become famous, as continued as they looked acceptable in pictures.
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, critic: By and large, the added you’re seen, the added bodies accretion you inevitable. Not aloof unavoidable, but inevitable.
LEO BRAUDY, Cultural History: The acceptance of individuals were actuality brought to a accessible that seemed to be athirst for added acceptance about these individuals. Bodies capital to affix with these people, capital to apperceive added about them, capital to apperceive about their clandestine lives, capital to apperceive what they did off camera.
NARRATION: For the aboriginal time in history, sports stars became superstars. Baseball amateur George Herman Ruth became, afterwards the Prince of Wales, the best photographed animal actuality on earth. Babe Ruth was the aboriginal sports brilliant to accept his angel marketed as a commodity, affairs aggregate from anchovies to zippers. As a baseball player, he becoming $50,000. As a celebrity, he fabricated millions.
In Hollywood, photographers like Clarence Sinclair Bull and George Hurrell invented a new academy of publicity photograph that was instantly recognizable. They didn’t alone photograph stars, they created stars. They didn’t alone abduction an actor’s image, they invented it. They authentic glamour.
DANIEL CZITROM, Historian: Increasingly, what the Hollywood studios sees is that they’re not aloof affairs movies. They’re affairs a acceptance that accustomed bodies can somehow access into that world, and abide that apple through their accord with their admired stars.
VICKI GOLDBERG, Author, critic: You could sit and beam at somebody you were array of bisected in adulation with anyhow for account on end. You could put it up on your wall, you could put it on your chiffonier and you afresh had a array of bogus acquaintance with this person. It accompanying you to that celebrity.
NARRATION: In 1913 Rodolfo Guglielmi, age-old 18, immigrated to New York from his built-in Italy. He formed as a gardener, a dancer, and afresh as a bit amateur in Hollywood. Renamed Rudolph Valentino, he would become the adventurous idol of the bashful screen.
It was his amazing acceptable looks, rather than his acting ability, which fabricated him a star. His afire eyes looked out from the tabloids and the fan magazines. Adolescent women all over the country acquiescently accumulated his pictures in scrapbooks.
And afresh in 1926, at the acme of his career, Valentino was aback taken ill.
DANIEL CZITROM, Historian: You see a Composograph on the advanced folio of The Graphic which shows Rudolph Valentino lying on a hospital bed, of advance it’s a archetypal with his face pasted on it and all the nurses and doctors around.
NARRATION: Valentino died of a access appendix. He was abandoned 31.
Song: "Valentino goodbye, but way up in the sky / There’s a new brilliant in heaven tonight."
NARRATION: The NEW YORK GRAPHIC printed a front-page photo of Valentino in heaven.
MARVIN HEIFERMAN, Curator/Writer: Every newspaper’s got a annual of Rudolph Valentino, dead. So you apperceive big deal. So able-bodied here’s a annual of him in heaven, right. This is it, you’ve never apparent this before! Here’s Rudolph Valentino in heaven, you know, affair Fate and affair Caruso, and whoever abroad happens to be blind about in, you know, café society, you know, asleep café society.
NARRATION: The acute media absorption angry Valentino’s afterlife into a circus. A army of one hundred thousand bodies descended on the burial home, in a arena that brought out the anarchism police. Over 100 bodies were injured.
One mourner, Mrs. Angeline Celestina, went home, took poison, and afresh attempt herself for acceptable measure, annoyed in a abundance aloft her Valentino annual collection.
Valentino’s afterlife was aloof a babyish examination of what would become a celebrity-obsessed century. For these fans, the accident of a hero they’d accepted abandoned in pictures was as real, conceivably added real, than that of a ancestors member.
SCIENCE
TITLES: THE POSITRON (A SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLE)
PROOF OF THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE
THE PLANET PLUTO
ALL FIRST SEEN ON A PHOTOGRAPH
NEIL de GRASSE TYSON, Hayden Planetarium, NYC: Some bodies are confused by pictures of celebrities or of disasters, or of war, for me, I'm confused by these absolute adapted photographs that advice bodies abode ourselves in a ambience of catholic time and catholic space.
TITLE: DR. NEIL TYSON: EXTENDING VISION
NEIL de GRASSE TYSON, Hayden Planetarium: 20th aeon astrochemistry would be absurd afterwards the photograph. In the aboriginal allotment of the century, aloof afore photography started to comedy a cogent role in the accretion of abstracts on telescopes, what were astronomers doing? They were attractive through eye pieces, and cartoon what they saw. Percival Lowell looked through his eye allotment of his telescope at the planet Mars, and started cartoon what he believed he saw. And if you attending at his duke drawings, he's got canals, and vegetation, and regions that he articular with cities. There were artists of the day that corrective up what Mars charge attending like, accustomed the illustrations of Percival Lowell.
Only afterwards did bodies appear to agreement with the actuality that aback cipher abroad saw what he saw, maybe this arrangement of canals was in his imagination. What photography did was abrogate any aftereffect that your acuteness adeptness accept in your accretion of data.
But the photograph wasn't artlessly a recording of what you saw. It could be much, abundant added than that. What the animal eye sees does not analyze to what you can balance with the advice of a accurate emulsion.
The naked eye sees about 6,000 stars in the night time sky. The Milky Way contains billions of stars, but they're so far away, that their ablaze is aloof anointed into this glow. You don't boldness it. Whereas a photograph, you can accessible the bang and leave that blur apparent for as continued as you choose, a minute, ten minutes, an hour, ten hours, 20 hours. And in so doing, about aged that antecedent of ablaze was, it will accrue on the accurate emulsion.
By enabling bodies to see things that arise faster than we would contrarily be able to recognize, to see bands of ablaze that are alfresco the acuteness of the animal retina, to see things that are added abroad in the cosmos than the animal eye or apperception could accept anytime imagined, what photography has done for us in this century, is enabled our bristles senses to be broadened, to be expanded.
FADE OUT
LEONARD NIMOY
LEONARD NIMOY, Actor/Photographer: A few years ago I was arrive to appear to Moscow area a blur of mine, a blur that I’d directed, was actuality shown.
TITLE: LEONARD NIMOY'S FAMILY PHOTOGRAPHS
LEONARD NIMOY, Actor/Photographer: So my wife and I went to Moscow and we were there for the screening and afresh this boating started, a boating aback to roots. And we had done some analysis and apparent that there was a Nimoy ancestors active in a burghal alleged Chmelnitsky. And there were a ample ancestors of Nimoys cat-and-mouse for us, they’d been told we were coming. They were absolute apprehensive of us, had no absorption who we were. So there was this alert affectionate of collision accord for a while. And afresh we sat down, we ate, we had a brace of beers. And afresh aback there seemed to be the adapted moment the admirer of the abode got up and larboard the allowance and came aback accustomed an envelope. White envelope, acutely anxiously kept in a drawer about with a U.S. postage brand on it. And I anon accustomed my mother’s autography on the address. It was absolute clear. And I got a chill. And he opened the envelope and brought out two babyish atramentous and white snapshots, and laid them out on a table in advanced of me and said to me, do you apperceive these people? And through the analyst who was with us and through Yiddish, which I allege and he spoke, I said I do, this photograph is one of my children. This was 25 years later, and because I was able to analyze these children, acutely anon fabricated affiliation and accepted what our accord was. So you are the son of... and he was the brother of... and the ancestors timberline was established. Those bodies had been captivation on to those photographs for 25 years. That was their affiliation to ancestors in the United States. And there had been no added communication. But they had them anxiously taken affliction of like article adored in a drawer.
EXTRO
NARRATION: It had been thirty abbreviate years aback the addition of the Brownie. Photographs, already rare, were now everywhere, influencing every aspect of American life.
It seemed as if photography had accomplished its peak, but the average had yet to appearance its abounding power.
In the advancing decades, photographs would biking about the apple instantly, over blast lines. Annual magazines would ambit the country, and active photographs would arrange the nation during this century’s darkest hours.
The aureate age of photography was about to begin...
END OF PROGRAM ONE
